SR and SD

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What helped Marxist theory become more attractive to Russian intellectuals?
Industrial modernisation and 'take-off' from the late 1890s.
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What Marxist groups started to develop in the 1890s?
Plekhanov's 'Emancipation of Labour' group grew, as well as a number of discussion circles, workers' organisations and illegal trade unions.
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When was Plekhanov in exile? What did this mean?
Between 1880 and 1917. This meant he played no active role within his 'Emacipation of Labour'.
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When did the SD form?
1898
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What was the principle similarity between the SR's and SD's?
They both followed the ideology of socialism.
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What took place in 1898?
The First Congress of the Russian SD of the SU was held in Minsk, marking the launch of a new party welding the various Marxist groups together. However, only 9 delegates were present.
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What was carried out at the First Congress of the Russian SD of the SU?
They chose their name, elected a 3-man Central Committee and produced a manifesto, which asserted that the working classes were being exploited by the bourgeoisis. It made it clear the working classes needed to trigger change.
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Who drew up the SD's manifesto at the First Congress?
Struve
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Which month was the First Congress of the Russian SD held?
March
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Who was the Central Committee comprised of?
Radchenko (from Emancipation of Labour), Eidelman (socialist organisation in Kiev) and Kremer (leader of the Jewish Labour union in 1897).
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How many meetings were held at the First Congress of the Russian SD?
6, but no minutes were taken and it was all secret.
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Who was the First Congress broken up by?
The Okhrana, who arrested two of the three Central Committee members - it was not a promising start.
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Who came to play a major role in the development of the SD's?
Lenin, who had been converted to Marxist ideology as a student in 1887.
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When and where did the Second Congress take place?
1903 in Brussels. However, it was subsequently moved to a small congregational chapel in Shoreditch in London.
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How were the SD's divided at the Second Congress?
Lenin argued in favour of a strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead the workers. Martov believed their task shoudl be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership.
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Who believed members of the SD should 'cooperate' with liberal groups?
Martov, but Lenin wanted a total dedication to revolution only.
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How much support did Lenin have at the Second Congress?
He certainly did not have the majority at the beginning and it was only after representatives withdrew that Lenin finally won the vote in favour of a more centralised Party structure.
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Who were the 'majority'?
The Bolsheviks, according to Lenin, though this was not the case in reality - the Mensheviks were the majority.
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When had the SD effectively split?
1906 due to the continued arguing that was taking place within the Party over the timing and organisation of revolution.
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In the SD, what took place between 1903 and 1904?
Many members within the Party changed sides. Plekhanov abandoned the Bolsheviks and Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals.
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What did Trotsky try to do?
Reconcile the Party. He clashed many times with Lenin but later conceded in how he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of the Party.
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Who were the Mensheviks led by?
Julius Martov.
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Who were the Bolsheviks led by?
Vladimir Lenin.
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Which SD subdivision had an alliance with other revolutionary and bourgeoiuse liberal parties?
The Mensheviks.
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What was the Bolsheviks newspaper called?
'Pravda', and was launched in 1912.
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Which SD subdivision was the more democratic?
The Mensheviks. They had open discussions and voted on matters. The Bolsheviks was in the hands of a Central Committee which potentially threatened the group becoming a dictatorship.
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Which SD subidivision believed the group should be open to all?
The Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks believed in restricted membership and small cells to prevent police suspicion. It was mainly for the middle, professional class.
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Why were the Bolsheviks not listed as a major challenge by the police?
In the pre-1914 period, the numerical strength of the Bolsheviks varied between only 5.000 and 10,000 members, and even in 1917 it was no more than 25,000.
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Which SD subdivision believed in educating the workers in order to get a bourgeoisie and proletarian revolution at the same time?
The Bolsheviks.
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What did Lenin and his fellow exiles set up?
Training schools for revolutionaries who were then smuggled back into Russia to infiltrate trade unions. The Bolsheviks remaining in Russia tried to earn money to do this.
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Who did the Bolsheviks raise money?
They used indirect terrorism and violence. Post offices were one of the main targets. In Georgia, 20 people were killed in a post office and 250,000 roubles taken. It was to finance leaflets and newspapers.
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When were the ideas of 'agrarian socialism' and populism reemerged?
After the Great Famine of 1891 to 1892 due to the highlighting of the need for rural economic reform, helping to now gain the support of the peasants.
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What was the 'new populism' based on?
The People's Will and the violent protests.
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What did populists carry out in 1901?
The assassination of the minister of education, Bogolepov, by a student (Karpovich).
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Who was Karpovich?
A student from Kazan University. His killing gained mass support from students, who gathered outside Kazan's Cathedral in support. Althuogh broken up by the police, with 60 injured and 800 arrests,, it provoked demonstrations in Moscow.
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When was there an assassination attempt on Pobedonostev?
1901
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When was the SR Party formed?
1901
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What was the manifesto of the SR's?
Getting an appeal to the peasantry through a commitment to 'land socialisation' and decentralised governments. Although it was a loose organisation with a wide variety of specific views, it had the consensus of agitating the peasants.
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Who was the SR's most influential theorist?
Viktor Chernov. He was a law graduate from Moscow and editor of the Party newspaper, 'Revolutionary Russia'.
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When did the SR's hold their First Congress?
1906
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What set the SR's apart from the orther Marxist's?
That they wanted 'land socialisation' and not 'land nationalisation'.
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Who did the SR's believe the poor peasants were identical to?
The urban workers - the proletariat.
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By appealing to workers and peasants, what did this mean for the SR's? How many supporters came from the workers?
A wide supportive base - 50% of supporters were workers.
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What was the composition of the SR's in 1906?
A collection of radical groups, rather than a united party. This was becasue the left wing ignored the needs of the workers, and some argued that some aims were not possible in the current Russian state.
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Which was the largest party in Russia?
The SR Party.
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Who outlawed the SR's?
The Bolsheviks.
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Who was Yevno Azef?
He was a double agent for the SR's and secret poloce. He became involved in Marxism and was exiled to Germany where he was recurited by the Okhrana. In 1899 he returned to Russia and became a SR, and helped to murder Plehve. He was exposed in 1908.
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Who were the SR@s tactics similar to?
Early populist movements - tehy tried to stir up discontent in the countryside and strike in towns, along with carrying out political assassinations.
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How successful were the SR's?
They were successful in the early 1900's as they stirred up political discontent and carried out assassinations. However, the secret police then sarted to foil many activities and were successful in infiltraing major terrorist plots.
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Between 1901 and 1905, how many political assassinations were carried out by populists?
2,000, including the minister of internal affairs in 1902 (Sipyagin) and in 1904 (Plehve).
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Who did the SR's assassinate in 1911?
Stolypin
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Between 1905 and 1909, how many SR's were sentenced to death?
4,759 - 2,365 were actually excueted.
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What was trhe issue with the political assassinations?
They did little help the workers and the peasants.
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What active role did the SR's play in the 1905 revolution?
They developed a full programme in November 1905 and formed a seperate combat organisation which attracted many students. These helped to carry out assassinations.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What Marxist groups started to develop in the 1890s?

Back

Plekhanov's 'Emancipation of Labour' group grew, as well as a number of discussion circles, workers' organisations and illegal trade unions.

Card 3

Front

When was Plekhanov in exile? What did this mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When did the SD form?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the principle similarity between the SR's and SD's?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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