Opposition to the Tsarist Regime

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  • Opposition to the Tsarist Regime
    • Trade Unions
      • General strike July 1914
        • 1/4 of labour foce, affecting 12% of enterprises
      • Strikes increased up to 1914; toxic relationship between employers and workers
        • Led to more repressive measures such as fines, lockouts and blacklists
          • Enhanced anger
      • Industrial output increased by 16-22% 1913-16, however this was driven by armaments production. Agriculture had pretty much stopped
      • Most issues in urban areas
        • 3/4 of strikes in St P.
          • Half were in the metal trade
      • 1906-10: 497 closed down and 604 denied registration
    • Opposition leaders
      • Struve
        • SD Movement
          • Asserted that working class had been exploited
          • Leaders exiled 1905(?)
          • 20000 members in Ukraine in 1906; 200 in 1912
        • Menshevik
          • Banned 1918
          • 'Union of Liberation' 1903
      • Chernov
        • Leader of SRs
          • Leaders exiled 1905(?)
      • Martov
        • SD Movement
          • Asserted that working class had been exploited
          • 20000 members in Ukraine in 1906; 200 in 1912
        • Leader of SDLP
          • Bolshevik
      • Azef
        • Double agent for SRs and Okhrana; exposed 1908
      • Lenin
        • Inspired attempted 1905 Socialist uprising in Moscow
          • Properly started when Trotsky was arrested
        • Caused SDs to split in 1903
        • Lvov
          • Demanded all-class zemstvo and a national assembly
            • A-C ze. had been set up in 1896 but instantly banned (Lvov not involved)
        • Bronstein (Trotsky)
          • Chair of St Petersburg Soviet 1905
            • Properly started when Trotsky was arrested
      • Natural identities
        • Palestinians pushing for independence
      • Marxism
        • Struve
          • Menshevik
            • Banned 1918
            • 'Union of Liberation' 1903
        • Lenin
          • Inspired attempted 1905 Socialist uprising in Moscow
            • Caused SDs to split in 1903
            • Bronstein (Trotsky)
              • Chair of St Petersburg Soviet 1905
              • Azef
                • Double agent for SRs and Okhrana; exposed 1908
              • Martov
                • Leader of SDLP
                  • Bolshevik
            • SRs
              • Chernov
                • Leader of SRs
                • Narodnik
                • 4579 SRs sentenced to death 1905-9
                • 50% of supporters from urban working class
                • 2000 political assassinations 1901-05
                  • Assassinated Stolypin 1911
              • Okhrana were very effective at breaking up revolutionary cells
              • WWI ruined support for all parties except the Bolsheviks

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