rapid talking, nail biting, pacing, smoking/alcohol/drug increase, performance breakdown
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Stress is either
Transactional or Interactional (arguing that mental state plays a large part in determining whether or not you get stressed)
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When does stress occur?
When the dynamic interaction between the individual and the environment is perceived as exceeding or taxing the capability to carry out an action.
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Perceived stress
Stress is not caused from the actual demands, but from the perceived coping capability
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Eustress theory, Selye, 1974
Positive stress associated with challenge and excitement, distress is associated with threat fear and depression. Stress is seen as an imbalance between demands and response capabilities.
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Arousal definition
Physiological activation that can vary between deep sleep and extreme excitement. 'Vigour, vitality and intensity with which the mind functions'
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Arousal theory - inverted U hypothesis
Inverted U relationship between physiological arousal and performance - increasing arousal up to a certain point enhances performance but further increases can lead to damage in performance.
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Drive theory
Suggests motor performance is positively related to drive/arousal/physiological activation.
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Complication with drive theory
Suggested that increased arousal increases the likelihood that the individual will perform a dominant response, which may be incorrect. In early stages of a learning a skill we have high arousal, so may be incorrectly learned and lead to mistakes.
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Zones of Optimal Functioning ZOFs
Everyone has an optimal pre-performance arousal zone in which performance will be optimised.
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How are ZOFs determined?
By direct repeated measurement of anxiety and performance, or recall.
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Reversal Theory
Argues that the way performance is affected by arousal is a function of how the person sees the arousal. Eg seeing high arousal as excitement or anxiety. People can reverse their interpretations of arousal state.
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State anxiety
An emotional state reflected by feelings of worry and tension associated with physiological arousal in response to a specific situation. Can vary from moment to moment and is proportionate to the level of threat in a situation.
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Trait anxiety
The tendency of a person to view many non dangerous circumstances as threatening and respond out of proportion.
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Multidimensional Anxiety Theory
Anxiety has 2 components: Cognitive (worry, negative thoughts, internal) and Somatic (rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, shaking, physical)
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Fischer and Zwart's conclusion after studying athletes' perceptions of anxiety
Those who have high competitive anxiety see higher threat than those with low anxiety. Athletes who report high ability have low anxiety.
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Catastrophe Model
Relationship between performance, cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal interactively. Increases in cognitive anxiety will be beneficial until a certain point of also high physiological arousal, when it is detrimental.
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Matching hypothesis
The type of anxiety control technique used should be matched with the type of anxiety being experienced. Suggestion is that if you 'clog up' the limited capacity processing channels of the brain with positive thoughts, there is no room for negative.
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