week 2: social: self and identity

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What was identity shaped by in medieval eras?
family membership, social rank, place of birth
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What was change on identity due to in the 16th century?
Secularisation, Enlightment and Industrialisation
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What is the looking glass self according to Shrauger and Schoeneman?
People see themselves as how they thought others saw them.
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What two types of self did Carver and Scheier add to self awareness theory?
1) Private and (2) Public self
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What behaviour do 'private self' individuals produce?
Behaviour aimed at matching your internalised standards
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What behaviour do ' public self' individuals produce?
Behaviour orientated towards presenting yourself to others in a positive light.
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How did Tice find self conception affected when behaving publicly versus privately?
Public behaviour = self conception moved in the direction of their action.
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In self discrepancy theory, what did Higgins suggest we have?
3 types of self schema
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What are the 3 types of self schema?
1) Actual, (2) Ideal, (3) Ought
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When Higgins tested self schemas, what did he find about a high ideal-self?
dejection in emotions
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When Higgins tested self schemas, what did he find about a high ought-self?
agitation in emotions
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What is the strongest form of searching for the self as found by Sedikides?
Self enhancement
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What is the weakest form of searching for the self as found by Sedikides?
Self assessment
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What are the 3 types of searching for self? self..
1) assessment, (2) verification, (3) enhancement
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In self-perception theory, a study by Van Gyn et al looked at power training and non power training on a bike with and without imagery. What were the findings?
Power training with and without imagery improved performance, as did imagery alone.
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What can be concluded about imagery and self conception in regards to performance from Van Gyn self perception theory study?
Imagery improves self conception which improves performance.
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What did Medvec find about silver medalists?
They were forced to make unfavourable upward comparisons to gold medalists.
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What did Medvec find about bronze medalists?
They could make self-enhancing downward comparisons against those who did not place.
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What did Steele find about Mormon women when using positive reinforcement of self concept?
They were more likely to help.
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What does intergroup behaviour mean?
Behaviour among individuals that involves interaction between one or more representatives of two or more social groups.
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According to Lebon, why do crowds produce antisocial behaviour?
Members are anonymous so lose personal responsibility
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According to Lebon, why do crowds produce antisocial behaviour?
Contagion leads to ideas spread rapidly and unpredictably
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According to Lebon, why do crowds produce antisocial behaviour?
Unconscious antisocial motives via suggestion
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What evidence did Zimbardo find about deindividuation through the use of wearing cloaks and hoods?
Females gave those wearing cloaks/ hoods twice as long electric shocks than those in conventional clothes.
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What effects does a Ku Klux Klan costume compared to a Nurse uniform effect deindividuation?
KKK outfit = more electric shocks. Nurse outfit = Least aggressive.
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What is attainment?
Action of achieving ones goal
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What is the J-curve hypothesis of relative deprivation?
Relative deprivation is acute (angle) when attainments suffer a sudden setback against rising expectations.
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What is relative deprivation?
A sense of having less than what we feel entitled to
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What are the two types of relative deprivation according to Runciman?
1) Egoistic , (2) Fraternalistic
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What is egoistic relative deprivation?
Personally having less than what we feel we are entitled to, relative to our aspirations or to others.
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What is fraternalistic relative deprivation?
Our group has less than what it is entitled to, relative to its aspirations or to other groups.
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When did Sherif find that conflict and discrimination is heightened ?
When there is intergroup competition where only one group can win.
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What was Sherif experiment called based on intergroup conflict?
The Robbers Cave experiment
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When arriving at the camp, in Sherifs Robbers Cave experiment, how many boys were in per group?
12
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What sort of sport contests did the boys in sherifs robbers cave experiment partake in?
Tug of War
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What were the results of Sherifs Robbers Cave experiment?
Intergroup hostility and Intragroup solidarity
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In another variation of Sherifs Robbers Cave Experiment, how many phases were there?
4
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What is Sherifs Realistic Conflict Theory?
An explanation of intergroup behaviour in terms of the nature of goal relations between groups.
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According to Sherifs realistic conflict theory, what occurs with individuals who share goals?
They require interdependence for their achievement and tend to cooperate and form a group.
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According to Sherifs realistic conflict theory, what occurs with individuals who have mutually exclusive goals?
They engage in inter individual competition thus preventing group formation or contributing to group collapse.
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What are the main factors of realistic conflict theory?
Cooperation, Competition, Social dilemmas
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How have factors of realistic conflict theory been studied?
through designing games
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What is the prisoners dilemma by Raiffa and Luce?
Two parties are torn between competition and cooperation, depending on mutual choices, both can win or both can lose.
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What has research found via the trucking game by Deutsch and Krauss?
Participants prefer to fight for the use of one lane.
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What is self catergorisation theory?
how the process of categorising oneself as a group member produces social identity and intergroup behaviours.
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What do people cognitively represent social categories as?
prototypes
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What must prototypes obey?
meta contrast principles
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Why did Brigham and Barkowitx investigate the accentuation effect?
They believed people perceptually homogenise outgroup members more than in group members.
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What is the relative homogeneity effect?
The tendency to see outgroup members as all the same and in group members as more differentiated.
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What did Simon and Brown believe the relative homogeneity effect is influenced by?
Majority minority status
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What did the findings of a relative homogeneity effect study find?
Majorites rated the outgroup as less variable than the in-group, the minorities did the opposite.
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What does relative homogeneity effect studies show about miniorty self classification?
They categorise themselves more strongly as a group and more strongly depersonalised in behaviour.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was change on identity due to in the 16th century?

Back

Secularisation, Enlightment and Industrialisation

Card 3

Front

What is the looking glass self according to Shrauger and Schoeneman?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What two types of self did Carver and Scheier add to self awareness theory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What behaviour do 'private self' individuals produce?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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