Sports Psychology

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Attitude
Combination of beliefs & feelings about objects, people or situations which predispose us to behaviour in a certain way towards them
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The Triadic Model
Beliefs, behavioural & emotions
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The Triadic Model - Beliefs
Formed through our past experiences, people who are significant to us influence our beliefs
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The Triadic Model - Behavioural
Is not always consistent with our attitude, it doesn't always translate to the behaviour we display
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The Triadic Model - Emotions
Emotions towards an attitude depend on past experiences, we associate emotions with particular situations
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How can attitudes be changed?
Persuasive communication & cognitive dissonance theory
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Persuasive Communication
To change a persons attitude in a positive way, it depends on the person doing the persuading, the quality of the message & the characteristics of who is being persuaded
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Cognitive Dissonance
The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioural decisions & attitude change
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How is an attitude changed by cognitive dissonance?
The individual must experience 2 or more opposing beliefs
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Motivation
A persons desire to succeed
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Arousal
The level of somatic or cognitive stimulation that gets us ready to perform
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Extrinsic Motivation
Comes from an outside source, good for cognitive performers, e.g. money or praise
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Intrinsic Motivation
Comes from within the performer, participate for the love of sport, maintains participation for longer
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Drive Theory
Arousal & performance have a positive linear correlation, at high arousal the performer reverts to their dominant response, does not account for elite performers deteriorating under pressure
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Inverted U Theory
As arousal increases so does performance until optimum & then it decreases, doesn't account for the decrease in performance elite performers have once they have exceeded optimum arousal
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Catastrophe Theory
Multidimensional, as arousal increases so does performance until optimum at moderate arousal, the effects can be reversed by relaxation techniques
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Anxiety
A negative emotional state, predisposition to perceive environmental situations as threatening
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Trait Anxiety
Enduring in an individual, a predisposition to react to situations with caution
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State Anxiety
Triggered by threatening situations
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Competitive Anxiety
Worry experienced during and about competitive experiences
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Causes of Anxiety
Fear of failure, importance of winning, challenge, degree of personal significance
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Somatic Anxiety
Physiological activation, perception of physiological symptoms of increased anxiety, closely related to arousal levels
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Cognitive Anxiety
Emotional dimension of anxiety, our typical understanding of anxiety, perception of threat
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Factors influencing Competitive Anxiety
Individual differences, different type of anxiety, competitive trait anxiety & the competition process
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Individual Differences
The way people interact with situations
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Different types of Anxiety
People with high trait anxiety have high state anxiety in stressful situations, but other factors can cause high state anxiety
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Competitive Trait Anxiety
High A trait performers anxiety varies, they could be anxious in highly stressful situations but not all
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The Competition Process
Interaction with personality, competitive trait anxiety & the situation, it all affects behaviour & causes state anxiety
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The Sports Competition Anxiety Test
Self-report questionnaire, measures competitive trait anxiety, test tendencies to become anxious about competition, useful in predicting how anxious a performer will be in future competitions
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Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning
The zone is an emotional response that facilitates top performance & is often referred to as peak flow experience
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Low Zone of Optimal Functioning
Fine skills, e.g. darts & badminton
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Moderate Zone of Optimal Functioning
Team games, e.g. football & netball
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High Zone of Optimal Functioning
Gross skills, e.g. boxing & running
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Characteristics of Peak Performance
Movements are automatic, activity is effortless, relaxed, skill executed with confidence, enjoyment, control& focused
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Cue Utilisation
The ability to ignore irrelevant cues, keep focused & avoid distraction
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Aggression
Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means
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Aggression (reactive)
Motive is to harm injury on opponent, outside the rules of the game, detrimental to team performance & involves anger
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Assertion-Instrumental Aggression (channelled)
Action within the rules of the game, prime motive is successful execution of the skill, may cause harm, anger is not evident & controlled
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Causes of Aggression
Nature of the game, wide divisions between scores, previous experiences, referees decisions, hostile crowds & venue
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Instinct Theory (trait)
Aggression is genetically inherited, trait of violence lies within everyone, aggression energy is constantly building up & needs to be released
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Social Learning Theory
Aggression is not biologically innate but nurtured through environmental forces, it is learned through watching, becomes an accepted mode of behaviour if it is reinforced
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Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
It is instinctive to fulfil the need to release frustration, frustration is environmentally generated & aggression is the result, if aggressive act is successful then frustration is released & aggressor feels good
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Aggressive Cue Theory
Frustration results in an increased arousal level which leads to a state of readiness for aggression, if aggression is going to occur then certain stimuli must be present that act as cues for the athlete
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When will a group form?
When purpose, identity & communication are in place
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Group Cohesion
The extent to which a group sticks together in pursuit of a common goal
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Task Cohesion
The process in which individuals interact & work together to achieve the task objective
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Social Cohesion
The relationships within the group which are not directly focussing on the task
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How to develop team cohesion?
Shared goals, training sessions, identity, team meetings, team building games
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Stages of Formation
Forming, storming, norming & performing
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Forming
Leader makes all decisions, group members start to get to know each other, little agreement, no clear individual roles
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Storming
Leaders role changes to coaching, mutual group decisions are difficult, individuals try to establish themselves, cliques start to form
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Norming
Leadership may be shared, roles & responsibilities become clearer, decisions made through group agreement, stronger sense of unity
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Performing
Leader role is passive, team goals well established, team makes decisions against criteria from leader, team does not require instruction
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Steiner's Model
Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Faulty Processes
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Actual Productivity
The team performance at a given time during the game or event & refers to the extent of successful interaction
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Potential Productivity
The maximum capability of the group when cohesiveness is strongest
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Faulty Processes
Relates to the factors that can go wrong in a team, coordination losses & motivational losses
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Co-ordination Losses
Occur because the operational effectiveness of the group as a unit cannot be sustained, due to poor coordination & lack of leadership, Ringlemann effect
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Motivational Losses
Relate to an individual who suffers a reduction of motivation during performance cause the player to withdraw effort, social loafing
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What causes Social Loafing?
Perceived lack of effort of others, lack of a role, frustration, injury
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How to combat Social Loafing?
Punishment, set performance goals, give a role, mental rehearsal, vicarious experience
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Social Facilitation
The positive influences of others in a sporting situation which results in an increase in performance
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Social Inhibition
The negative influences of others in a sporting situation which results in a decrease in performance
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How to combat Social Inhibition
Block out the audience, methods of imagery, relaxation techniques, supportive team mates, allow spectators during training
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Personality
The patterns of thoughts & feelings & the way in which we interact with our environment & other people that make us a unique person
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Trait Theory
Personality is made up of a collection of stable emotional traits, the types are - stable, unstable, extrovert & introvert, the RAS can determine whether a person is inclined towards extroversion or introversion
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Narrow Band Theory
Anxiety is a negative emotional state that is associated with arousal, the types are - A & B
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Social Learning Theory
Individuals learn & adapt behaviour by observing others, more likely to copy behaviour of role models, learnt through experiences
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Interactional Theory
Personality is a combination of traits & environment, our traits interact with the environment which affects our personality, B = F(PE)
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Sceptical Group
The link between personality & sport is of little value
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Credulous Group
Some link between personality & sport performance
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Sports psychology is a field of study that seeks to understand the role played by mental health in athletic performance. It's not just a matter of winning or losing. It's about what happens in between those wins and losses. How do you manage your emotions when you're down, or up, or somewhere in between? But I love golf and I don't leave my golf grips when I go to play.

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