Specialised cells and cell structures

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What are the features of animals?
They are multicellular
They feed on organic matter made from other organisms.
They can move.
They have nerve coordination.
They store carbohydrates as glycogen
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What are the main features of a plant?
They are multicellular.
They produce their own food through a process of photosynthesis.
The chloroplasts contain a pigment (chlorophyll) which absorbs light.
They can move.
They store carbohydrates as sucrose or starch.
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What are the functions of a nucleus?
Contains the cells DNA/RNA.
Controls the cell activity.
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Cytoplasm
Is a gel like substance composed of water and dissolved solutes.
Supports the cell's internal structure and a site for aerobic respiration in the cell.
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Cell membrane
Holds the cell together, separating the inside of the cell with the outside.
Controls/regulates the substances that comes in and goes out of the cell.
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Ribosomes
Main site for protein synthesis.
Found in cytoplasm.
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Mitochondria
Main site for aerobic respiration where energy is released to aid cell processes.
The higher an organism's metabolism is, the more mitochondria a cell has.
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Cell wall.
Made of cellulose.
Defines it's shape and support the shape and structure.
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Chloroplasts.
Contain the pigment chlorophyll- absorbs light- and other enzymes to aid the process of photosynthesis.
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Permanent vacuole.
Contains cell sap which a combination of salts and sugars dissolved in water.
Used for storage.
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How do cells reproduce?
Through the division of existing cells.
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What are specialised cells?
Specialised cells are cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to carry our particular functions.
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How do cells become specialised?
Through differentiation.
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What is differentiation?
The process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to carry out particular functions.
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What are the functions and adaptations of ciliated cells?
The movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.
Have cilia which are hair like extensions of the cytoplasm- beat to move the mucus and trapped particles.
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What are the functions and adaptations of nerve cells?
Conduction of nerve impulses.
Branches and extensions to communicate with nerve cells, muscles and glands.
Long so that nerves can run throughout the body.
The axon is covered in a fatty sheath which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impuls
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What are the functions and adaptations of red blood cells?
Transportation of oxygen.
Biconcave disc shape increases surface area to increase the rates of diffusion.
Contains haemoglobin- a pigment that binds to oxygen.
Contains no nucleus to increase space.
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What are the functions and adaptations of sperm cells?
Reproduction.
Middle part contains mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and fertilise.
The acrosome- in the head- contains digestive enzymes to break through the egg cell's membrane.
The head contains the genetic material in a haploid nucleus.
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What are the functions and adaptations of egg cells?
Reproduction.
Special membrane that prevents sperms from entering after fertilisation.
Lots of cytoplasm to support developing embryo.
Genetic material is stored in the haploid nucleus.
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What are examples of specialised cells in plant cells?
Root hair cells.
Xylem vessels
Palisade mesophyl
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What are the functions and adaptations of root hair cells?
The absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil.
Small hairs increase the surface area for maximum absorption.
Thin membrane so water can flow through quickly.
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What are the functions and adaptations of xylem vessels?
Conduction of water through plant and support.
No top or bottom on the xylem vessels so it is just a column of water.
Cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water.
Walls thickened with lignin to support the cell.
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What are the functions and adaptations of palisade mesophyll?
Photosynthesis.
Column shaped to maximise absorption of sunlight.
Contains many chloroplasts for maximum absorption.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the main features of a plant?

Back

They are multicellular.
They produce their own food through a process of photosynthesis.
The chloroplasts contain a pigment (chlorophyll) which absorbs light.
They can move.
They store carbohydrates as sucrose or starch.

Card 3

Front

What are the functions of a nucleus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Cytoplasm

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Cell membrane

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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