Assulted by 4 LA policemen. Taped by a local resident and shown in court - all officers were acquittde. One juror later admitted she changed her vote from guilty to not guilty because of pressures to conform to the views of other jurors
1 of 22
Perrin and Spencer (1980)
Replicated Asch's study in Engand. Found little evidence of majority influence, leading them to conclude that the Asch effect was "a child of its time"
2 of 22
Perrin and Spencer (1980)
Conducted further research using Asch's experiment and found that where men on probation and unemployed afro-caribbean displayed similar levels of conformity as to Asch's study
3 of 22
Smith and Bond (1993)
Conducted a meta-analysis of studies that had used Asch's task in the US. Reported that conformity in general has steadily declined
4 of 22
Kim and Markus (1999)
Failure to show majoirt influence is seen positively as uniqueness in individualistic cultures, but negatively and deviant in collectivist ones
5 of 22
Eagly and Carli (1981)
Women are more affected by majority influence than men
6 of 22
Zimbardo (1969)
Asked women to shock another woman. Deindividuation was produced in half of the PPs by having them wear lab coats and hoods that covered their faces (like in the KKK)
7 of 22
Sherif (1935)
Looked at conformity when using an ambiguous situation and found that participants are influenced by the judgement of others
8 of 22
Asch (1951)
Developed the line task which looked at levels of conformity within a group. Also identified 3 factors which affect levels of conformity: unamity, task difficulty, and size of the majority
9 of 22
Hofling et al (1966)
Looked at whether or not nurses would obey to orders given over the phone despite this being against hospital rules. Out of the 22 nurses asked, 21 of them would have administered the drug.
10 of 22
Meeus and Raaijmakers (1995)
Studied obedience in Holland, using participants who had to give an interview to confederates. Found that they continued to ask all 15 distressing questions, despite the confederates clearly displaying signs of stress
11 of 22
Bickman (1974)
Conducted the experiment on the streets of New York, looking at how uniform can affect authority. Found that PPs were more likely to do as they were asked by the man in the guard uniform than the one in the sports jacket
12 of 22
Deutsch and Gerard (1955)
After Asch's study, they developed the dual-process dependency model i.e. ISI and NSI
13 of 22
Milgram (1963)
Carried out the lab experiment where PPs were required to give shocks. Also carried out variations of the experiment to see what situational factors affect obedience to authority
14 of 22
Perry (2012)
Claims that debriefing of subsequent participants didn't alwas occur. This is supposedly because Milgram was worried about news of his study becoming common knowledge before he finished his work. He believed debriefing might confound his results
15 of 22
Orne and Holland (1968)
Milgram's experiment lacked experimental realism because PPs couldn't have believed the set up. They would have questioned the situation. Also suggested demand characteristics were the reason people gave shocks, not because they were being obedient
16 of 22
Jerry Burger (2009)
Replicated Milgram's experiment but 50 years later. Shows that Milgram's experiment has temporal validity as similar findings were made
17 of 22
Allen and Levine (1971)
Found that conformity was reduced on a task involving visual judgements - even if the dissenting 'partner' wore glasses with thick lenses and admitted having a sight problem. This suggests that dissenters help resist social influence no matter what
18 of 22
Mullen et al (1990)
Found that when disobedient models broke the law by jay-walking, participants were more likely to jay-walk themselves when the disobedient models weren't present - supporting the idea of disobedient models increasing resistance to social influence
19 of 22
Nemeth et al (1974)
Showed that how the majority interprets the minority's answers also matters: they must relate to the stimulus e.g. a colour slide in some predictable way, so there's more to minority influence than just consistency
20 of 22
Martin et al (2003)
Evidence suggests that the opinions of the minority are often processed more thoroughly than the majority
21 of 22
Erb et al (2002)
Minorities are often less influential than the majority
22 of 22
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Replicated Asch's study in Engand. Found little evidence of majority influence, leading them to conclude that the Asch effect was "a child of its time"
Back
Perrin and Spencer (1980)
Card 3
Front
Conducted further research using Asch's experiment and found that where men on probation and unemployed afro-caribbean displayed similar levels of conformity as to Asch's study
Back
Card 4
Front
Conducted a meta-analysis of studies that had used Asch's task in the US. Reported that conformity in general has steadily declined
Back
Card 5
Front
Failure to show majoirt influence is seen positively as uniqueness in individualistic cultures, but negatively and deviant in collectivist ones
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