Secularisation Topic

A crossword on the topic of Secularisation - including religious fundamentalism. The answers are the surnames of the sociologists who created these theories. Many theorists appear multiple times!!

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Argued secularisation is occuring as a result of 'rationalisation.' The Protestant Reformation started rationalisation, as the monopoly of Catholicism began to be challenged by the ideology of Protestantism.
Weber
1 of 21
Argues structural differentiation leads to secularisation, as the functions of religion are transferred to other institutions such as the state, becoming disconnected with wider society and hence loses influence.
Parsons
2 of 21
Argues religion has become more confined to the private sphere of the home and family. Religious beliefs are now largely personal choice, with institutions losing much influence.
Bruce
3 of 21
Industrialisation has undermined religious beliefs, as small communities give way to large urban communities with diverse beliefs.
Bruce
4 of 21
Argued religious diversity causes secularisation. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church held a monopoly, giving Catholicism more plausibility because there were no challengers. This all changed with the Protestant Reformation, when people began question
Berger
5 of 21
Argues that religious diversity may lead some to question their religious beliefs, but this is not inevitable. Opposing views can have the effect of strengthening a religious group's commitment to existing beliefs.
Beckford
6 of 21
Argued that in the USA, churchgoing was seen as an expression of the 'American way of life,' rather than as a result of deeply held religious beliefs. He claimed America was secular because religion had become superificial.
Wilson
7 of 21
Argues secularisation comes from within. The emphasis on traditional Christian beliefs and glorifying God has declined. This change has enabled it to fit in with a secular society. The purpose of religion has changed from seeking salvation to seeking pers
Bruce
8 of 21
In the past, the power of the church meant people felt obliged to attend services. Due to rationalism undermining religion, religion is now a choice, that people choose to consume.
Davie
9 of 21
Studied a town in Cumbria to find out whether traditional religion had declined, and if so, how far the growth of spirituality was compensating for this. They identified 2 groups: the congregational domain (traditional Christians) and the holistic milieu
Heelas & Woodhead
10 of 21
Although many people dabbled in New Age practices, a serious commitment to New Age beliefs was rare.
Glendinning & Bruce
11 of 21
Claimed secularisation always leads to religious revival. They argue humans are naturally religious and in need of spirituality, and religion offers compensation. People who argue religion is in decline focus on conventional religion, rather than New Reli
Stark & Bainbridge
12 of 21
Religion provides security in a risky and threatening world. Prosperous, safe and advanced countries feel more secure, so they have less need for religion. This is why some of the richest countries are more secular than the poorer ones (e.g. Sweden, Brita
Norris & Inglehart
13 of 21
Sees fundamentalism as a response to living in a cosmopolitan world (a post modern world). Cosmopolitanism brings a sense of freedom of choice, uncertainty, and heightened awareness of risk, which undermines the value that we are grounded in tradition. Wh
Bauman
14 of 21
Found 2 responses to postmodernity: resistance identity (a defensive reaction, like turning to fundamentalism) and project identity (those who are more forward looking).
Castells
15 of 21
Fundamentalism is confined to monotheistic religions, with polytheistic religions less likely to revert to fundamentalism. He argues this is because monotheistic religions are based on a notion of God's will as revealed through sacred texts. In contrast,
Bruce
16 of 21
Recent decades have seen the emergence of secular forms of fundamentalism. This is as a result of the optimism of Enlightenment philosophy coming under attack, leading to a rise in pessimism, which is a product of the risk of globalisation. Religious chal
Davie
17 of 21
Argues fundamentalism occurs for different reasons in both the West and Third World countries. In the West, fundamentalism is as a response to changes within society, especially trends towards diversity. In Third World countries, fundamentalism is as a re
Bruce
18 of 21
Pentecostalism in Latin America acts as a functional equivalent to Weber's Protestant ethic. Pentecostalists embrace a work ethic similar to that of Calvinists, demanding an ascetic lifestyle. This ethic is necessary to promote economic development and ra
Berger
19 of 21
The 'post-Confucian' values of East Asian societies (e.g. encouraging hard work, self-discipline, commitment and self-improvement) has led to an economy based on effective productivity.
Redding
20 of 21
85% of the Indian population are Hindu. Worshipping Hinduism has become the same as worshipping the nation of India, creating a rise of Hindu ultra-nationalism. 93% of Indians agree that their culture is superior to others, and arguably their success in t
Nanda
21 of 21

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Argues structural differentiation leads to secularisation, as the functions of religion are transferred to other institutions such as the state, becoming disconnected with wider society and hence loses influence.

Back

Parsons

Card 3

Front

Argues religion has become more confined to the private sphere of the home and family. Religious beliefs are now largely personal choice, with institutions losing much influence.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Industrialisation has undermined religious beliefs, as small communities give way to large urban communities with diverse beliefs.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Argued religious diversity causes secularisation. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church held a monopoly, giving Catholicism more plausibility because there were no challengers. This all changed with the Protestant Reformation, when people began question

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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