two or more (one must be a,b or c) - did not have before: a. delusions b. hallucinations c. disorganised speech d. catatonic behaviour (depression)
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Criterion A; Negative Symptoms
used to have but no longer do: e. avolition (depression) f. speech poverty
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Criterion B; Social and Occupational Dysfunction
one or more major area of functioning such as work. relations or self-care are lower than before.
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Criterion C; Duration
Continous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months.
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Reliability of Diagnosis
Test-retest: same clinician makes the same diagnosis on seperate occasions. Inter-rater Reliability: Diffirent clinicians are asked to diagnose the same patient.
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Validity of Diagnosis
A valid diagnosis should be reliable. Predicitve Reliability - If diagnosis leads to a successful treatment, then diagnosis was likely valid.
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Cheniaux (2009)
Two psychiatrist independently diagnosed 100 patients using both DSM and ICD. Inter-rater reliability was poor, shows diagnosis is unreliable.
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Rosenham
8 normal participants entered a psychiatric hospital. Their only symptom was hearing 'thud', 7 were diagnosed with schizophrenia for having oral-obsessive behaviour. 3 months following, 193 patients admitted, 83 accused of faking, none were.
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Evaluation; Co-morbidity
When two or more conditions occur together, question the validity of diagnosis as may be single condition. 50% of schizo diagnosed with depression. Patients may get overwhelmed with treatment or not getting the right one.
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Evaluation; Symptom Overlap
Schizophrenia symptoms overlap with others such as bipolar involving hallucinations and avolition. May receive different diagnosis according to ICD or DSM.
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Evaluation; Gender Bias
Men are diagnosed more than women. Women are seen as high functioning e.g work, family so they may mask symptoms better than men. A major under-diagnosis for suffering women with schizophrenia.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
used to have but no longer do: e. avolition (depression) f. speech poverty
Back
Criterion A; Negative Symptoms
Card 3
Front
one or more major area of functioning such as work. relations or self-care are lower than before.
Back
Card 4
Front
Continous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months.
Back
Card 5
Front
Test-retest: same clinician makes the same diagnosis on seperate occasions. Inter-rater Reliability: Diffirent clinicians are asked to diagnose the same patient.
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