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Globalisation

Various definitions. However, its a new era of decisions that transcend rather than occur across borders. "Growing cultural, political and economic integration and interdepence worldwide" (Gilpin, 2001)

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Globalisation quote

"Economic Phenomenon" (Buzan) / "The world is becoming a global village" (Harvey, 2014); process of speeding and deepening interconnectedness leading to 'deterritorialism' (Mcgrew) |

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Aspects of Globalisation

In 2000, IMF identified 4 aspects: Trade and Transactions, Capital and investment movements, Migration and Dissemination of knowledge. Thus, in short, Economic, Cultural and Political globalisation

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Pros of Globalisation

Cheaper goods for consumers, lower production costs and poverty reduction (World Bank highlights extreme poverty globally falling 10% in 2015; dropped slowly an average of a percentage point per year since 1990.

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Cons of Globalisation

Increased commodity prices, decrease in skilled workers in LEDC's, environmental issues and loss of cultural identity; "cultural imperialism" (Marxist) especially in regards to language. English dominated world (ACTA POLITICA)

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History of Globalisation

Not a recent theory. Concepts of globalisation such as trade have happened for millennium. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century was a major period for globalisation; increase in quantity and quality of products leading to higher exports

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Continued History of Globalisation

Globalisation then took flight after the WW2 as a result of the Western world winning; better relations and connectivity period (liberalism started)

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World Bank

Created in 1944 to restore and sustain the benefits of global integration, by promoting international economic cooperation. (Mozambique - 2016; $50m IDA supported cash transfer program in poorest provinces - benefited 8,500)

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IMF

Created in 1944 to focus on the stability of the international monetary system and help states take advantage of investment opportunities offered by international capital markets. (Liberia-2010, debt relief up to $172m, $3.4bn in total)

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Globalists

Key figures: Kenichi Ohmae / "Inevitable development which cannot be resisted and influenced by human intervention especially not through traditional institutions such as NATION STATES."

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Traditionalists

New phase has been exaggerated, most economic and social activity is regional (not global) + NATION STATE still has important role (exchange between national economies and decisions made by nationally)

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Transformationalists

Represents a significant shift but questions the inevitability of its impacts. Argues that scope for national, local and other actors remain important

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Marxist

Globalisation compared to imperialism. Neo-Gramscian view links globalisation to rise of trans-national ruling class separate from an association with a particular state. Furthers interest at expense of the periphery and increases ability to exploit

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Globalisation and the State

Globalisation argues nation-state is in dire shape, losing its sovereignty and "hollowed out" of its authority (Hyper Internationalism)

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State is dead

Permeable borders due to external factors such as global financial markets. Rise in Non-state actors (Apple richer than Ireland). Collective dilemmas - terrorism/climate change/crime (interpol). Human rights superior to state sovereignty.

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Kurds/Scotland Case Study

Kurdish people of Turkey, Iraq and Syria; largest nation not recognised as a state. Persecuted as a minority+ use violence against Turkish gov to achieve self-determination. (Autonomy in Iraq/Fighting ISIS in Syria) / Scotland; Referendum 2014 (84%)

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State isn't dead

States still possess important regulatory powers; world dividing into large regional blocs than being globalised. (Turkey+EU / Arab World reject globalisation; remain sovereign) MNCs are more national than multinational; benefit from gov culture.

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Contagion

Culture conditions cross borders in neighbour countries; transition process. Played a role since the Westphalian state model; seen most with the Third Wave of Democratisation (Portugal,Spain and Greece - 1974)

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Arab Spring Case Study

"Arab Spring" Dec 2010-2012 / "Arab Winter" Now ongoing. Stages of Diffusion: 1. Tunisia 2. Yemen,Egypt, Jordan 3. Algeria, Iran 4. Libya, Syria

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Contagion; Successful?

Revolt in Tunisia led to resignation/exile of dictator Ben Ali in Jan 2011; second wave in Egypt used "Police Day" in Jan 25 due to technological advantages (social media)

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Policy terms to prevent capital flights?

1. Tax policy; higher levels of taxation reduce incentive for capital investment 2.Gov Regulation increases costs and lowers profit 3. Public Enterprise; running them costs money and acquired through taxation (competition between gov and businesses)

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Japan Case Study

Professor Ahmadjian in 2002 highlights "Japanese industries need to adjust to the new realities of globalised capitalism + adopt the Global Standard" Large hierarchical family model and instead need to operate transparency/promote merit. (TINA)

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Venezuela Case Study

President Chavez believed in Bolivarism; 1.Economy+Political Sovereignty (Anti-Imperialism) 2.Grassroots political participation of the population (participatory democracy) 3. Economic Self-Suffiency

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Venezuela Case Study: Relations between US

USA remains Venezuela's most important trading partner; 2015, exports dropped 25%, imports down to 48% due to fall in oil prices. Venezuela started BANCO DEL SUR as an alternative to World Bank + IMF + started using oil wealth to promote its ideology

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Venezuela Case Study: Currently

Chavez died in 2013 and his Vice President. Maduro wins with 50% majority (lowest ever); start of economic crisis (food shortages as gov implemented price and exchange controls) 2015; reports of shops only having basics such as rice. 80% blame on gov

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Russia Case Study

President Putin on-off since 1999; nationalised formely privatised industries; leaders jailed if opposed (YUKOS)

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Russia Case Study Quote

"It's best not to be an enemy of the state or annoy someone with access to Polonium" (Litvinenko, 2014)

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Russia Case Study; Ukraine

Putin use of oil and gas resources to influence neighbours, especially the "near abroad" (Warsaw Pact countries) - Ukraine; NATO says Russia military enter Ukraine to control protests over Crimea (Nov 2014)

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Democracy

"Democracy is the government of the people, by the people for the people" (Abraham Lincoln) / Samuel Huntington 3 Waves of Democratisation: 1. 1828-1926; UK, US, France 2.1943-1962; West Germany, Italy, Japan 3. 1974-Current; Greece, Spain, Portugal

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Democracy - Ebb & Flow

Democracy has ebbed and flowed for decades. By WW2, only democracies were Switzerland, Scandinavia. Factors that shook democracies: 1. Consequences of WW2 (strain) 2. National and nationalist tensions (start of non-state actors)

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Marxist Approach to Democracy

State an instrument of the ruling class, "committee for managing the affairs of the whole bourgeoisie"; further the interests for those who owns the means of production

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Marxist Approach to Democracy - Quote

"Ultimately those who owned capital will prevail" - Poulantaz

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Pluralist Approach to Democracy

Power is dispersed among many groups; prestige and organisational clout are significant factors - power is available to everyone. BUT, "Mechanisms existed that allowed the political interests of all sections of society" Thus, no one is lacking power?

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Pros of Democracy

Highest form of politics; manages to contain tendency for violence with existence of rival views - Political safety valve. 2. Democracy is a universal value; human right? Established in UN Charters

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Cons of Democracy

Disharmony of democracy; on-going electoral battle especially in developing countries where it can worsen tensions (HAWKSLEY, 2009) Leads to ethnic tensions belittled and ignored 2. Democracy as a western value; Arab world reject it

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Realism Key Theorists

Morganthau - classical realism 1948; politics rooted in unchanging human nature/Pessimistic view of humans; Waltz;defensive neo-realism 1979; states seek power but a structural problem of system, not human nature;Mearsheimer;offensive realism;anarchy

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Liberalism Key Theorists

Locke; moral law by God; men are made equal, natural right to own freedom and property; Bentham; utilitarian (calculated by happiness);Kant; duty and reason "ought implies can"/ "treat humans as ends not as means"

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Neo-Liberalism Key Theorists

Friedman; emphasis upon free market forces=without gov intervention; Adam Smith advocated laissez-faire economy - individuals left to their self-interest free from constraints

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Constructivism Key Theorists

"Middle ground between liberalism and realism" - Adler / Wendt; "Anarchy is what states make of it" (challenges anarchy as it changes); Giddens; structurationism; focus on a balance - structure and agency

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