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  • Created by: noueux
  • Created on: 21-05-19 15:25
Terrorism
Contested subject, "one man's freedom fighter is another man's terrorist" (Academy of Political and Social Science) HOWEVER, generally speaking, terrorism is "the use of threatened force designed to bring about political change"
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Terrorism Case Study
Two bombings in popular tourist district in Bali, Indonesia in 2002, planned by Jemmah Islamiah terrorist group. American Consulate also bombed. Terrorism had reached SEA and became a global concern
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Threat?
Since 2002/3, winning the global war on terror has become a main priority and challenge to international security. Non-state threat equals asymmetrical warfare.
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Continued Threat
Since 9/11 shock, the US has had a neoconservative turn in foreign policy and shifted towards a new world order; end of bipolarity from Cold War. Focus on state centred security
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Conclusion
Definitions of terrorism shapes responses to it so the subject has to be carefully managed. Although, threat is prominent as its unpredictable.
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NATO
Intergovernmental military alliance founded after WW2 in 1949; 12 original states, now 29 states. Countered Warsaw PAct and resolved German rearmament after WW2
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NATO quote
"Europe has entered a new era" (London Declaration - July 1990)
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Deterrence
Action or fact of impending someone/state from doing something
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Compellence
Coercer has to act until the target does something about it; thus compliance is blatant and humiliating. Can use force and give deadlines
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What has NATO done to bolster deterrence?
2010 Strategic Concept, 2012 Deterrence and Defence Posture Review and 2016 Warsaw Communique
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What's important about these proposals?
Focus on nuclear weapons; "collective defence and cooperative security" is crucial. "As long as nuclear weapons exist, NATO will remain a nuclear alliance"; added NATO's ballistic defence capacity
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Operation Deliberate Force
Largest NATO operation; air campaign; response to Bosnian/Serbian army aggression and massacre of 1995
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NATO just war quote
"If humanitarian intervention is an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how do we respond to Rwanda - to gross violations of human rights?" (Annan, 2000)
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Just War Theory
Last Resort, Right Authority, Just Cause, Probability of Success, Right Intention and Proportionality - Not to make war justifiable but to prevent future war!
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Libya 2011 Case Study
Protests begun on Feb 2011 and spread across country and when reached Qaddafi's power base, response was brutal = armed insurrection leads to formation of Transitional National Council
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Libya Quote by UNSC; their response
"Gross systematic violation of human rights" by UNSC and referred to International Criminal Court. imposing embargo and travel ban
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Operation Odyssey Dawn, March 2011
US, France and UK launched operation to degrade Libya's air defence and strike down Qaddafi's forces
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Events that occurred after OOD
London Conference March 2011; "Libyan people must be free to decide their future" (supported by 40 members including NATO); Operation Unified Protector (coalition of air capability in EU)
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Issues with OUP
China+India accuse coalition of attempting a regime change (May, 2011); citizens were protected by UN Resolution 1973 (was it NATO's responsibility? Right intention?)
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Issues with OUP (continued)
Several powers supplied weapons to rebels, NATO also coordinated with rebels and Anti-Qaddafi's forces were also involved in human rights abuses
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Use of Force/Security Management
"traditionally the state has been seen as the main guarantor for security for individuals and society" (Hobbes); thus "the state is a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory" (Weber)
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Privatisation of Security
Since the Cold War, there has been a role for a private sector in security; led to subcontracts to Private Military Security Companies e.g. Russian Mercenaries in Venezuela (2019)
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PROS of privatisation of security
Knowledge and skills from private individuals is crucial in tackling new challenges such as cyber terrorism; power over violence shifts outside boundaries of state machinery
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CONS of privatisation of security
Other countries are less able to control it effectively; outsourcing tasks to other people undermines the control that the state should have; private security personnel commit abuses and get abused? Who protects them? No regulation
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R2P
Sovereignty is not a right but a responsibility; it's a norm, not a law; HOWEVER, UNSC has the ultimate authority to authorise the use of force
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PILLARS of R2P
Primary responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity and their incitement, collective responsibility to protect (States fail? Collection action taken = Charter of the UN)
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Other Security Threats
Environmental security; non-traditional threat and needs to be addressed as it is a source of risk
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Environment Threat, when and why?
Started in 60s, start of environmentally aware and new organisations that dealt with this developed; Greenpeace
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Environment change on national security
Environmental change can weaken the economic base of a country - affects agriculture and fishing, but armed forces tend to put it as a second order concern
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Nuclear Proliferation definition
Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, defined by the UN as "atomic explosive bombs and any weapon developed which has characteristics of a destructive effort"
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Nuclear Proliferation
Has been decreasing. The US and Russia have decreased their deployed nuclear force; 2002 Moscow Treaty cut Russian and US forces to 20% of their cold war capacity - security threat? low
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Two bombings in popular tourist district in Bali, Indonesia in 2002, planned by Jemmah Islamiah terrorist group. American Consulate also bombed. Terrorism had reached SEA and became a global concern

Back

Terrorism Case Study

Card 3

Front

Since 2002/3, winning the global war on terror has become a main priority and challenge to international security. Non-state threat equals asymmetrical warfare.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Since 9/11 shock, the US has had a neoconservative turn in foreign policy and shifted towards a new world order; end of bipolarity from Cold War. Focus on state centred security

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Definitions of terrorism shapes responses to it so the subject has to be carefully managed. Although, threat is prominent as its unpredictable.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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