Since 1948 with Windrush from Jamaica, thousands of immigrants arrived from the Caribbean, etc...
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1960s immigration statistics
By 1960, 40% of all junior doctors in the NHS were from Pakistan, Bangladesh or Sri Lanka. By the end of 1965, there were 3,000-5,000 Jamaican nurses working in British hospitals
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White Defence League (57)
By 1957, the White Defence League had been set up. It adopted many Nazi ideas and campaigned for a racially pure Britain.
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Racism, 50s
Some trade unions argued that immigrations took jobs away from white people; politicians said immigrants came to take benefits; signs such as "no blacks, no Irish, no dogs"
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Notting Hill Riot (58)
In '58, a riot started in Notting Hill after Teddy Boys harassed a couple, prompting a violent reaction. In turn, 300-400 white residents attacked the houses of black residents, so over 140 people were arrested
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Positive things of the Notting Hill Riots
Judge Salmon sentenced nine white youths harshly (£500 fine, five years in prison), as a deterrent. An anti-racism demonstration was held in Trafalgar Square
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Negative things of the Notting Hill Riots
Many black residents felt discriminated against by the police, who argued the riot wasn't racially motivated, showing systematic racism; Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962)
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What was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962)?
Macmillan tightened regulations on Commonwealth immigration, which Gaitskell called "cruel and brutal anti-colour legislation"
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Economy: Wilson 1st (64-70)
Debt; DEA
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What was the debt in 1964?
Labour inherited a debt of £800 million, £500 of which came from Suez. Stuck in 'stop-go' cycle
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What was the DEA?
Department of Economic Affairs, led by alcoholic George Brown, set up a 5yr plan to match West Germany's economic growth
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What was Brown's DEA plan (the National Plan)?
Called for a 25% growth in GDP by 1970, with 39 specific actions listed, albeit vaguely
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DEA's rivalry with the Treasury
Fostered by Wilson. Treasury still controlled taxes and spending policies, so by 1969, the National Plan failed to deliver
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DEA's lack of influence
Brown presided over a 12-hour meeting with the TUC to persuade them to accept a tougher incomes policy; in 1966, tried to back devaluation, but Cabinet voted against 17-6
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What two world events prompted Wilson's devaluation?
The outbreak of war in the Middle East (Yom Kippur), which meant oil was more expensive, and a major dock strike in '67
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Devaluation
In '67, the pound was devalued 14.7% against the dollar: Wilson's "does not mean... that the pound... your pocket or purse... has been devalued". Heath called it: "the most dishonest statement ever made"
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Economy: Wilson & Callaghan (74-79)
Debt; inflation
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What was the debt in 1974?
£3 billion
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What was inflation at in 1974?
15%
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Leyland nationalisation
In 75, British Leyland was nationalised to appease trade unions, followed by a £140m investment.
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What impact did the Leyland nationalisation have on inflation?
Rose to 16% in 1974, then to 24% in 1975 (the highest since 1917)
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Healey's 1974 budget
Corporation tax increased from 12% to 52%, VAT on specific items (petrol, sweets) increased by 10%
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Healey's IMF loan
In '76, Healey announced he would borrow £3b from IMF to lower inflation & prop up pound. Its terms meant reduced public spending and a cap on wage increases. Healey was jeered in '75
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
1960s immigration statistics
Back
By 1960, 40% of all junior doctors in the NHS were from Pakistan, Bangladesh or Sri Lanka. By the end of 1965, there were 3,000-5,000 Jamaican nurses working in British hospitals
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