Respiratory system
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- Created by: Jenp15
- Created on: 23-01-23 15:39
Overview of Respiratory System
*Group of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and expelling the waste product (Carbon Dioxide, CO2)
*Main parts of this system: airways, lungs & linked blood vessels, and the muscles that enable breathing.
*Main parts of this system: airways, lungs & linked blood vessels, and the muscles that enable breathing.
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Anatomy
*The Respiratory system extends from the nose, through the pharynx and larynx, down the trachea, into the bronchial tree, as far as the alveoli and their blood supply.
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Upper Respiratory Tract:
consists of:
*Nasal Cavity
*Nasopharyngeal tonsil
*Nasopharynx
*Soft palate
*Tongue
*Oropharynx
*Epiglottis
*Laryngopharynx
*Cricoid cartilage
*Thyroid cartilage
*Hyoid bone
*Nasal Cavity
*Nasopharyngeal tonsil
*Nasopharynx
*Soft palate
*Tongue
*Oropharynx
*Epiglottis
*Laryngopharynx
*Cricoid cartilage
*Thyroid cartilage
*Hyoid bone
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Lower Respiratory Tract:
Consists of:
*Trachea
*Cartilage rings
*Primary bronchus
*Lobar bronchus
*Segmental bronchus
*Bronchial cartilage
*Bronchioles
*Alveoli duct
*Alveoli
*Trachea
*Cartilage rings
*Primary bronchus
*Lobar bronchus
*Segmental bronchus
*Bronchial cartilage
*Bronchioles
*Alveoli duct
*Alveoli
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Bronchial Tree
Lined with cilia and goblet cells, working together to remove debris from the lungs and protect gas exchange (similar to the nose)
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cilia
Beat in time and in one direction, to 'Waft' any debris up this 'mucociliary escalator'
Once this debris reaches the trachea, it can be removed with a cough
Once this debris reaches the trachea, it can be removed with a cough
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Goblet cells
Secrete mucus to protect the mucus membrane -
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Where are the Lungs located?
*Apex sits 3-4cm above medial end of clavicle
*Base reaches to rib 10 posteriorly, rib 6 anteriorly
*Left lung has a cardiac 'notch' and no horizontal fissure. It is slightly smaller than right lung.
*Base reaches to rib 10 posteriorly, rib 6 anteriorly
*Left lung has a cardiac 'notch' and no horizontal fissure. It is slightly smaller than right lung.
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What is the respiratory system responsible for?
The exchange of oxygen (O2) & Carbon dioxide (CO2) between the blood and the atmosphere.
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Respiratory System
*O2 diffuses across the membranes of alveoli in the lung, into pulmonary circulation.
*As the oxygenated blood reaches the body's tissues, it diffuses into cells.
* This allows individual cell respiration.
*The reverse occurs with the waste product - CO2
*As the oxygenated blood reaches the body's tissues, it diffuses into cells.
* This allows individual cell respiration.
*The reverse occurs with the waste product - CO2
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Diffusion
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
*Happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place.
*It is an important process for living organisms; this is out substan
*Happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place.
*It is an important process for living organisms; this is out substan
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Alveolar Ventilation
*Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs and they form the site of gaseous exchange
*The design of the 'air sacs' maximises the available surface area (90m2), therefore, maximising gas exchange.
*The design of the 'air sacs' maximises the available surface area (90m2), therefore, maximising gas exchange.
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Alveolar Ventilation (cont.)
*Each alveolus is covered by a mesh of tiny blood vessels- Capillaries
*This capillary network has a surface area of 60m2, and links to a network of arteries and veins that move blood through the body.
*This capillary network has a surface area of 60m2, and links to a network of arteries and veins that move blood through the body.
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Alveolar Ventilation (cont.)
*As we breathe in and air reaches our alveoli, oxygen dissolves in surfactant and diffuses across into the blood in the capillaries
*Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, back into the alveoli to be expired
*Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, back into the alveoli to be expired
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what might prevent/compromise this gas exchange and diffusion taking place?
*Gas not reaching the membrane - collapsed lung or blockage in bronchi
*Blood not passing by the membrane- blood clot
*Smoking damages the alveoli, therefore decreases the surface area available
*Blood not passing by the membrane- blood clot
*Smoking damages the alveoli, therefore decreases the surface area available
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How is oxygen carried in the blood?
*98% is carried as oxyhemoglobin, bound to the iron ions within each haemoglobin molecule
*Each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 molecules of oxygen
*Each RBC has 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Therefore, each RBC can carry more than a billion molecu
*Each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 molecules of oxygen
*Each RBC has 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Therefore, each RBC can carry more than a billion molecu
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Haemoglobin Saturation
molecules, it is 100% saturated (SaO2)
*This saturation is affected by:
-Available O2
-Blood pH
-Temperature
*A person with healthy lungs will be 95-99% saturated
*Symptoms will appear below 93%
*People with chronic lung disease may function happily wit
*This saturation is affected by:
-Available O2
-Blood pH
-Temperature
*A person with healthy lungs will be 95-99% saturated
*Symptoms will appear below 93%
*People with chronic lung disease may function happily wit
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How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
*As CO2- dissolved in plasma
*As HbCO2- bound to haemoglobin
*As HCO3- in plasma
*As HbCO2- bound to haemoglobin
*As HCO3- in plasma
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How do we breathe?
*'Breathing is controlled by parts of the brain called the 'pons' and the 'medulla'
*They can regulate the rate and depth of breathing according to triggers such as levels of CO2 in the blood
*Receptors lie in the aorta and carotid artery, and when they g
*They can regulate the rate and depth of breathing according to triggers such as levels of CO2 in the blood
*Receptors lie in the aorta and carotid artery, and when they g
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Thoracic cage – Structure
4 parts:
1. Spinal Column (Thoracic Vertebra 1-12)
2. Sternum
3. Ribs and Costal Cartilages
4. Muscular support
1. Spinal Column (Thoracic Vertebra 1-12)
2. Sternum
3. Ribs and Costal Cartilages
4. Muscular support
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Spinal Column
*12 Thoracic Vertebra
*Provides posterior attachment for ribs 1-12
*Provides posterior attachment for ribs 1-12
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Sternum
*An elongated flat bone
*Provides protection and support anteriorly
*Provides attachment for ribs1-10
*Made of 3 parts
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
*Provides protection and support anteriorly
*Provides attachment for ribs1-10
*Made of 3 parts
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
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Ribs
*12 pairs of long flat bones which articulate with the spinal column posteriorly
*They run anteriorly and downwards
*They run anteriorly and downwards
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Function of the Thoracic Cage
-Protection
*Heart
*Lungs
-Provide the mechanisms for respiration
*Heart
*Lungs
-Provide the mechanisms for respiration
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Diaphragm
*Dome shaped muscle that flattens as it contracts.
*As it does this the lower ribs are lifted upwards and outwards
*As it does this the lower ribs are lifted upwards and outwards
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The Diaphragm
*The diaphragm does 70% of inspiratory work. As it contracts, it flattens, pushing the ribs out
*The internal and external intercostal muscles also work to move the rib cage up and out
*The internal and external intercostal muscles also work to move the rib cage up and out
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Muscles of Respiration: Internal Intercostals
Fibres run from rib posteriorly down to rib below
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Muscles of Respiration: External Intercostals
*Fibres run from rib anteriorly down to rib below
Both intercostals have the effect of pulling the ribs upwards.
Both intercostals have the effect of pulling the ribs upwards.
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mechanics of inspiration
*As the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract the ribs are pulled upwards and outwards.
*This increases the volume in the thoracic cage and results in a reduction in the pressure in the lungs
*Air flows from high pressure (outside) to low pressur
*This increases the volume in the thoracic cage and results in a reduction in the pressure in the lungs
*Air flows from high pressure (outside) to low pressur
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Expiration
*As the muscles relax the ribs drop and the diaphragm rises
*Elastic recoil of lung tissue along with a reduction in the volume of the thorax causes pressure to rise
*Air flows out - PASSIVE
*If we are in a hurry we can actively exhale by contracting ou
*Elastic recoil of lung tissue along with a reduction in the volume of the thorax causes pressure to rise
*Air flows out - PASSIVE
*If we are in a hurry we can actively exhale by contracting ou
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
*The Respiratory system extends from the nose, through the pharynx and larynx, down the trachea, into the bronchial tree, as far as the alveoli and their blood supply.
Back
Anatomy
Card 3
Front
consists of:
*Nasal Cavity
*Nasopharyngeal tonsil
*Nasopharynx
*Soft palate
*Tongue
*Oropharynx
*Epiglottis
*Laryngopharynx
*Cricoid cartilage
*Thyroid cartilage
*Hyoid bone
*Nasal Cavity
*Nasopharyngeal tonsil
*Nasopharynx
*Soft palate
*Tongue
*Oropharynx
*Epiglottis
*Laryngopharynx
*Cricoid cartilage
*Thyroid cartilage
*Hyoid bone
Back
Card 4
Front
Consists of:
*Trachea
*Cartilage rings
*Primary bronchus
*Lobar bronchus
*Segmental bronchus
*Bronchial cartilage
*Bronchioles
*Alveoli duct
*Alveoli
*Trachea
*Cartilage rings
*Primary bronchus
*Lobar bronchus
*Segmental bronchus
*Bronchial cartilage
*Bronchioles
*Alveoli duct
*Alveoli
Back
Card 5
Front
Lined with cilia and goblet cells, working together to remove debris from the lungs and protect gas exchange (similar to the nose)
Back
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