Anatomy and radiotherapy practices for digestive, renal and transport systems

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  • Created by: Stephen
  • Created on: 22-05-17 19:32
What is the purpose of digestion?
Growth, Repair and Fuel
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What 3 types of processes occur in digestion?
Mechanical, Chemical, Absorptive
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What are the 6 stages of digestion?
Ingestion, Mastication, Deglutition, Peristalsis, Absorption, Defecation
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What are the functions of the oral cavity?
Ingests food, Receives saliva, Mastication, Initiate breakdown of carbohydrates and fats, deglutition
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What is ingestion?
Taking food into the digestive system by mouth (Mechanical)
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What is mastication?
Chewing to pulverise food and mix it with saliva (Mechanical and chemical)
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What is deglutition?
Swallowing chewed food (Mechanical)
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the oral cavity
The shape of the oral cavity changes during speech, swallowing and respiration. It opens onto the face through the oral fissure and is continuous with the pharynx at the oropharyngeal isthmus. The oral cavity consists of the vestible and mouth cavity
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What are the positional relationships of the oral cavity?
Lateral to the cheeks, Posterior to the lips, Anterior to the oropharynx, Inferior to the hard palate, superior to the tongue
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What are rugae?
Wrinkles on the hard palate which help with tongue-palate articulation
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What do the cheeks consist of?
Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, skin and the oral mucosa
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What do the lips consist of?
Skin, mucous membrane, orbicularis oris muscle
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What is the arterial blood supply of the oral cavity?
The external carotid artery
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What is the venous drainage of the oral cavity?
The internal jugular vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the oral cavity?
The superficial and deep cervical chains
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Describe the microscopic anatomy of the oral cavity
The oral cavity consists of a mucosa layer of stratified squamous epithelium
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What are the pathologies of the oral cavity?
Ulcers, Infection, Cysts and Tumours
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder and pancreas
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What is the function of the salivary glands?
To produce 800-1500 mls of saliva per day
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What are the names of the three salivary glands?
Parotid gland, Submandibular gland and Sublingual gland
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What is the function of saliva?
Lubricate and bind food, Oral hygiene, Initiation of carbohydrate and fat digestion
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the parotid gland
Largest gland, Side of face below and in front of ear, covered by parotid sheath, 5cm long & 2cm wide, lobulated appearance, triangular in shape
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What are the positional relationships of the parotid gland?
Superior to the angle of the mandible, Inferior to the zygomatic arch, Posterior to the masseter muscle, Anterior to the mastoid process, Lateral to the skin
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What is the arterial blood supply of the parotid gland?
The external carotid artery
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What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland?
The external jugular vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the parotid gland?
The superficial and deep cervical chains
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the submandibular gland
Lies inferior to the mandible, Superficial part lies underneath mandible, deep part lies in the floor of the mouth, 4cm long & 2cm wide, U shaped
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What is the arterial blood supply of the submandibular gland?
The external carotid artery
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What is the venous drainage of the submandibular gland?
The internal jugular vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the submandibular gland?
The deep cervical chains
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the sublingual gland
Lies under the floor of mouth, in the sublingual fossa of the mandible, almond shaped, opens into floor of mouth
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What is the arterial blood supply of the sublingual gland?
The sublingual arteries
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What is the venous drainage of the sublingual gland?
The sublingual veins
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What is the lymph drainage of the sublingual gland?
The deep cervical chains
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Describe the microscopic anatomy of the salivary glands
Epithelial secretory cells called acini (serous and mucous)
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What controls the secretion of saliva?
The autonomic nervous system, Parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion, Sympathetic decreases secretion
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What are the pathologies of the salivary glands?
Parotiditis, Abscess and malignancy
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What is the function of the tongue?
Speech, Gustation, Mastication, Deglutition
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Describe the gross anatomy of the tongue?
Forms the floor of the oral cavity and the anterior wall of the oropharynx. It is made up of a tip, body and base.
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
Lies in the oral cavity, is triangular shaped, in horizontal plane, fills floor of mouth
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What are the positional relationships of the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
Lateral to the cheeks, inferior to hard and soft palates, superior to floor of mouth
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the posterior third of the tongue?
Lies behind the palatoglossal arches, attaches to hyoid bone, curves inferiorly
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Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils?
At the back of the tongue
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What is the function of the tonsils?
Protect against bacteria that can invade tissues
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How many muscles are in the tongue?
4 extrinsic, 4 intrinsic
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What is the arterial blood supply of the tongue?
The external carotid artery
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What is the venous drainage of the tongue?
The internal jugular vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the tongue?
Submandibular and deep cervical nodes
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What is the microscopic anatomy of the tongue?
Mucosa layer of stratified squamous epithelium
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What is the function of papillae?
Part of the process of gustation, house taste buds and allow for experience of texture
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What are the pathologies of the tongue?
Malignancy, dysphagia, leukoplakia, erythroplakia
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What are the sections of the pharynx?
Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
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What are the functions of the pharynx?
Provides a common pathway for respiratory and digestive tracts, affects phonation
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Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the pharynx
Cone shaped fibromuscular tube, 15cm in length, width varies between 5cm and 1.5cm
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Where does the pharynx start and end?
Base of skull extending to C5/6
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What is the epiglottis?
A flap of tissue separating breathing and swallowing to avoid choking
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What are the positional relationships of the pharynx?
Inferior to the occipital bone, Superior to oesophagus, Lateral to internal carotid arteries and jugular veins, Posterior to tongue, Anterior to buccopharyngeal fashia
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What is the arterial blood supply of the pharynx?
Internal carotid arteries, inferior thyroid arteries
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What is the venous drainage of the pharynx?
The internal jugular vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the pharynx?
Deep cervical chains
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What is the microscopic anatomy of the pharynx?
Circular muscular walls of constrictor muscles, stratified squamous epithelium mucosa
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What are the pathologies of the pharynx?
Dysphagia, swallowed foreign body, malignancy, abscess
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What is the position of the oesophagus?
C6 to stomach at T11
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What is the shape of the oesophagus?
Tube, collapses when empty
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What is the size of the oesophagus?
25cm long
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What are the positional relationships of the oesophagus?
Posterior to trachea, anterior to vertebrae, lateral to thyroid and aorta and spleen
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What is the arterial blood supply of the oesophagus?
Inferior thyroid, left gastric artery and thoracic aorta
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What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?
Inferior thyroid and left gastric vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the oesophagus?
Right lymphatic and thoracic duct
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What is the microscopic anatomy of the oesophagus?
Mucosa - stratified squamous, submucosa - areolar connective tissue, muscularis - longitudinal and circular muscles, adventitia - connective tissue
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What is the function of the oesophagus?
Assist passage of food to stomach, lubricate food to reduce friction
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What are the pathologies of the oesophagus?
Hiatus hernia, diverticula, malignancy, barretts oesophagus
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What is the size of the stomach?
Changes with amount of food/fluid present
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What is the shape of the stomach?
"J" shaped
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What is the position of the stomach?
Left side of abdomen under diaphragm
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What are the positional relationships of the stomach?
Posterior to anterior abdominal wall, anterior to pancreas, inferior to diaphragm, superior to transverse colon, lateral to liver and spleen
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What is the arterial blood supply of the stomach?
Coeliac artery
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What is the venous drainage of the stomach?
Hepatic vein
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What is the lymph drainage of the stomach?
Gastric and pyloric nodes
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What is the microscopic anatomy of the stomach?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis - 3 layers to help with digestion, Serosa
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What are the pathologies of the stomach?
Diverticula, Hiatus hernia, Malignancy, Ulcers
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What is the size of the duodenum?
25cm
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What is the shape of the duodenum?
"C" shaped
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What is the position of the duodenum?
Around head of pancreas in abdomen
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What are the positional relationships of the duodenum?
Superior to the jejunum, Inferior to stomach
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Arterial blood supply of duodenum?
Gastroduodenal artery
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Venous drainage of duodenum?
Gastroduodenal vein
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Lymph drainage of duodenum?
Super mesenteric nodes
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Microscopic anatomy of small bowel?
Mucosa - Microvilli and Lacteals, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
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Size of jejunum?
1m long
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Shape of jejunum
Series of curves
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Position of jejunum
Umbilical region
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Relationships of jejunum
Enclosed by peritoneum, inferior to duodenum, anterior to descending colon
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Arterial supply of jejunum
Superior mesenteric artery
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Venous drainage of jejunum
Superior mesenteric vein
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Lymph drainage of jejunum
Lacteals, super mesenteric nodes
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Size of ileum
2m long
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Shape of ileum
Series of curves
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Position of ileum
Hypogastric region
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Relationships of ileum
Inferior to transverse colon, anterior to ascending colon
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Arterial supply of ileum
Superior mesenteric artery
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Venous drainage of ileum
Superior mesenteric vein
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Lymph drainage of ileum
Lacteals, super mesenteric nodes
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Size of large bowel
1.5m long, 6cm wide
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Shape of large bowel
Curved around small bowel
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Position of large bowel
Abdomen, appendix to rectum
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Arterial supply of large bowel
Superior mesenteric artery
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Venous drainage of large bowel
Superior mesenteric vein
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Lymph drainage of large bowel
Superior mesenteric nodes
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Microscopic structure of large bowel
Mucosa - absorptive and goblet cells, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
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Size of rectum
20cm long, up to 6cm wide
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Shape of rectum
Hollow tube
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Position of rectum
Posterior of pelvic cavity in midline
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Relationships of rectum
Inferior to sigmoid colon, Superior to anus, Posterior to bladder
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Arterial supply of rectum
Superior rectal artery
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Venous drainage of rectum
Superior rectal vein
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Lymph drainage of rectum
Pararectal lymph nodes
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Size of liver
1.5kg
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Shape of liver
Wedge shaped lobular structure
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Position of liver
Right hypochondrium
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Relationships of liver
Inferior to diaphragm, superior to right kidney, anterior to gall bladder
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Arterial supply of liver
Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein
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Venous drainage of liver
Hepatic veins
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Lymph drainage of liver
Hepatic lymph nodes
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Microscopic structure of liver
Hepatocytes, Bile canaliculi, Hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells
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Function of liver
Formation and excretion of bile, metabolism, detoxification, storage
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Liver pathology
Cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, malignancy
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Size of gaul bladder
Holds 30-60ml of bile
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Shape of gaul bladder
Pear shaped
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Position of gaul bladder
Right hypochondrium in gaul bladder fossa
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Relationships of gaul bladder
Inferior to liver, posterior to liver, superior to duodenum
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Arterial supply of gaul bladder
Cystic artery
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Venous drainage of gaul bladder
Cystic vein
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Lymph drainage of gaul bladder
Hepatic lymph nodes
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Microscopic anatomy of gaul bladder
Mucosa, muscularis, serosa
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Size of pancreas
15cm long, 2.5cm wide
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Shape of pancreas
Lobular structure - head, neck and body
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Position of pancreas
Retroperitoneal, left hypochondrium
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Relationships of pancreas
Posterior to stomach, anterior to mesenteric vessels, left of duodenum, right of spleen
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Arterial supply of pancreas
Splenic artery
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Venous drainage of pancreas
Splenic vein
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Lymph drainage of pancreas
Pancreaticosplenic nodes
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Microscopic anatomy of pancreas
Exocrine cells 99% + Endocrine cells 1%
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Function of pancreas
Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes, secretion of hormones
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Pancreas pathology
Pancreatitis, malignancy, hypoplasia, pseudocysts
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Card 2

Front

What 3 types of processes occur in digestion?

Back

Mechanical, Chemical, Absorptive

Card 3

Front

What are the 6 stages of digestion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is ingestion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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