Respiration

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  • Created by: LBCW0502
  • Created on: 16-02-19 15:13
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Exchange of gases (atmosphere to blood). Homeostatic regulation of body pH. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances. Vocalisation
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Describe features of air flow
Flow from regions of higher to lower pressure. Muscular pump creates pressure gradients. Resistance to flow (diameter of tubes)
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Outline the overview of external and cellular respiration
Exchange, atmosphere to lung (ventilation). Transport of gases in blood. Exchange, blood to cells for cellular respiration
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What are the components of the respiratory system?
Conducting system (airways), gas exchange system (alveoli cells), air pump system (bones and muscle of thorax)
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Outline the anatomy of the respiratory system (1)
Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs, ribcage (also acts as mechanical pump), diaphragm
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Outline the anatomy of the respiratory system (2)
Nasal cavity, pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, epiglottis, larynx, pleura
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Which organs are involved in gas interchange?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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Describe features of the nasal cavity (nasal fossa) (1)
Large air-filled space, very rich blood supply. Conditions air (large SA), warmed or cooled (within 1 degree of body temperature), humidified (adds water vapour), filtered (foreign particles). Filter dust/particular matter
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Describe features of the nasal cavity (nasal fossa) (2)
Removed by vibrissae, short thick hairs present in nasal vestibule, sneezing reflex
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Describe features of the pharynx
Digestive system and respiratory system. Both food and air pass through pharnyx. Epiglottis (connective tissue flap - closes over trachea when food swallowed). Prevents choking or aspiration important in vocalisation
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Describe features of the larynx (voicebox)
Protection of trachea, sound production, situated just below where pharynx splits into trachae and oesophagus
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Describe features of the trachea (1)
Holds open C-shaped rings of cartilage. Allows passage for air into the lungs in lower respiratory tract. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and mucosal goblet cells
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Describe features of the trachea (2)
Respiratory epithelial cilia move particulate matter to pharynx where swallowed - digested
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What is the function of goblet cells?
To produce mucus - trap inhaled foreign particles, cilia then waft upward towards larynx-pharynx where it is either swallowed into stomach or expelled as phelgm
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Describe features of the bronchi (1)
Airway, conducts air into lungs, no gas exchange, dead space. Trachea divides into 2 bronchi. Level sternal angle - carina. Right bronchi - wider, shorter, more vertical, right - 2 lobar branches, left - 3 lobar branches
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Describe features of the bronchi (2)
Irregular rings hyaline cartilage - bronchi. Small segments - bronchioles. Elastin fibres - flexibility. Smooth muscle all bronchi - absent on the smallest bronchioles
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Describe features of submucosal glands
Produce fluid containing ions (Cl-, HCO3-, Na+). Contains antibodies - alpha 1 antitrypsin, to inhibit action of any proteases released by bacteria and leukocytes. in CF - reduced fluid secretion, reduced ability to remove small particles from lungs
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Describe features of bronchioles (1)
No cartilage, no glands, Clara cells - secretory (secrete one component of surfactant). Rings of smooth muscle arranged in discrete bundles. Different orientations - smooth muscle contraction prevents irritants/particles getting to alveoli
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Describe features of bronchioles (2)
Relaxation increases diameter allowing more air to reach alveoli. Airway can almost completely shut if smooth muscles contract strongly e.g. asthmatic attack
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Describe features of alveoli
Simple squamous epithelium. Rapid diffusion of O2/CO2, exchange gases (air from lungs to blood), across walls of alveolar ducts and alveoli into capillaries
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Describe features gas-blood barrier
Alveolar space - pulmonary capillaries. Extremely thin gas-blood barrier. Allow rapid gas exchange. Oxygen diffuses - alveolar epithelium, thin interstitial space, capillary endothelium - for CO2 reverse course into alveoli
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What are the two types of alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes)?
Type I cells alveolar epithelium (long thin - gas exchange). Type II cells (compact - produce surfactant, phospholipid lines alveoli, differentially reduce surface tension at different volumes)
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What is the bronchial tree surrounded by?
Pulmonary arteries. Bronchial tree is a very complex structure
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Describe features of lung lobes
Right lung made up of 3 lobes and left lung made up of 2 lobes (both lungs have fissure - connective tissue). More branching further down conducting system and exchange surface
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Describe features of the pleural cavity (1)
Body cavity surrounding lungs. Pleura (serous membrane). Folds back to form two layered membrane structure. Pleural space (thin space between two pleural layers). Contains small amount of pleural fluid. Outer pleura (parietal - attached chest wall)
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Describe features of the pleural cavity (2)
Inner pleura (visceral - covers lungs and adjoining structures e.g. blood vessels, bronchi, nerves)
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What is the function of the lubricating pleural fluid?
Allows pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation
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What is respiration?
The act of breathing. Inhaling/inspiration - taking in oxygen. Exhaling/expiration - giving off carbon dioxide
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Outline pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle - pulmonary trunk - lungs (for deoxygenated blood). Lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium (for oxygenated blood)
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Which muscles are involved in inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, external intercostals, diaphragm
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Which muscles are involved in expiration?
Internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, external oblique, internal oblique
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Describe the process of inspiration
Contraction external intercostal muscles pulls the ribs up and out (expands the thoracic cavity) and allows the ribs to fall upon expiration. Increased volume, decreased pressure
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Outline the process for expiration
Decreased volume, increased pressure. Quiet (primary muscles), diaphragm relaxes, external intercostal muscles, elastic recoil of lung tissue, surface tension, gravity on ribs, internal intercostals
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Which muscles are involved in respiration?
Sternomastoids, scalenes, inspiratory intercostals, expiratory intercostals, external obliques, diaphragm, expiratory abdominals
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Which equation demonstrates changes in pressure and volume during inspiration?
P1V1=P2V2. Air enters lung because volume of thorax increases. Reduced pressure in lungs draws air in. Boyle's Law - V vs P (downwards curve)
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Describe features of air flow

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Card 3

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Card 4

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Card 5

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