A precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of an investigation.
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What is an aim?
A general statement about the purpose of the investigation.
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What is an experiment?
A research investigation in which one specific variable is manipulated to observe its effect, if any, on other specific variable, while keeping all otber variables controlled. Participants are randomly allocated.
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What is a variable?
A measurable characteristic or value that can differ from one person to another or have multiple values.
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What does operationalising mean?
The process of devising a way of measuring a variable.
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What is internal validity?
A research study or experiment has internal validity if the outcome is the result of the variables that are manipulated in the study.
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What is external validity?
The extent to which findings can be generalised to settings other than the research setting. this includes the population of validity, which is the question of whether the findings can be generalised to other people, and ecological validity.
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What is the independent variable?
The variable that the researcher manipulates and which is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.
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What is the dependent variable?
The variable that is affected by the changes in the IV.
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What is the extraneous variables?
This is a general term for any variables other than the IV that might affect the DV. Where EVs are important enough to provide alternative explantations for the effects.
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What are demand characteristics?
Clues in the environment that help the participant work out what the research hypothesis is. This can lead to social desirablity effects where the participant behaves in a way that the hypothesis will be supported or when the participant disrupts it.
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What are investigator effects?
The influence of the researcher whereby their expectations of what the research outcome should be lead to a self-fullfilling prophecy. The researcher may at an unconscious level behave in such a way as to bring about the prediction.
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What are single blind and double blind techniques?
Single bllind is where participants do not know the hypothesis. Double blind is where the participants and the research assistant arent aware of the hypothesis.
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Defenition of Random Sampling?
A sample in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.
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Defenition of Opportunity Sampling?
A sample that consists of those people available to the researcher.
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Defenition of Volunteer Sampling?
A sample where the participants self-select. That is they volunteer to take part in the research.
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What is the definition of an ethical issue?
These occur when there is a dilemma between what the researcher wants to do in order to conduct the research and the rights and dignity of the participants.
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Name some ethical issues.
Protection of participants, Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Debriefing.
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What is a control group?
The group of participants who do not recieve the experimental treatment or condition so that they can act as a comparision to the participants who do.
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What is mundane realism?
The extent to which a study matches the real-world situation to which it will be applied.
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What is ecological validity?
The extent to which the methods, materials and setting of the experiment approximate the real-life situation being studied.
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What is experimental design?
The method of control imposed by the experimenter to control for participant variables.
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What is the definition of idographic?
Relating to individual cases or events.
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What is qualitative data?
Analysis that focuses more on words rather than numbers.
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What is quantitative data?
Analysis that uses numerical data.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is an aim?
Back
A general statement about the purpose of the investigation.
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