A statement predicting that one variable will affect another
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Null hypothesis
The 'no effect' hypothesis
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One-tailed hypothesis
A hypothesis predicting the direction of effect
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Two-tailed hypothesis
A hypothesis with no prediction of the direction of the effect
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Independent Variable
The variable manipulated by the experimenter
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Dependent Variable
The variable measured by the experimenter
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Target Population
The whole group of people in whom the researcher is interested
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Sample
The group of participants selected to take part in the research
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Random Sample
A sample selected so that everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
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Opportunity Sample
A sample selected by simply using the people who are available at the time the research takes place
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Self-selected sample/volunteer sample
A sample where people volunteer themselves to take part in a study
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Laboratory Experiment
An experiment conducted in a controlled situation and involving manipulation of the independent variable
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Independed Measures Design
Using different participants in each condition
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Repeated Measures Design
Using the same participants in each condition
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Field-experiment
An experiment conducted in a natural environment where the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter
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Quasi-experiment
Where the effects of a naturally occuring independent variable are examined
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Observation
A non-experimental design where the researchers observe and record behaviour
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Inter-rater reliability
The extent to which observers agree on the way that behaviours should be categorised
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Correlation
A method of statistical analysis showing a relationship between two variables
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Self-reports
Techniques for asking people directly for information
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Open questions
Question that ask the participant to respond in their own words
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Closed questions
Questions that ask the participant to choose from a range of predetermined answers
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Case Study
An in-depth study of a single individual or event
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Questionnaires and Surveys
They contain a number of questions that are intended to find out how people think and feel. The questions could be closed or open. A survey consists of highly structured questions and has a clear focus
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Interviews
They are spoken questionnaires, but also allow the researcher to observe body language and to ask further questions if it is thought to be useful.
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Structured interviews
Researcher uses a very rigid set of questions
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Sem-structured interviews
Researcher uses more open questions and are prepared to respond to participants' replies
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Pilot Study
This is a smaller version of a study carried out before the main research
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A statement predicting that one variable will affect another
Back
Alternate hypothesis
Card 3
Front
The 'no effect' hypothesis
Back
Card 4
Front
A hypothesis predicting the direction of effect
Back
Card 5
Front
A hypothesis with no prediction of the direction of the effect
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