Studies of human behaviour should be conducted using scientific methods. Methods used to test the hypothesis should be: Objective (fact based) Standardised (the same throughout) Replicable (can be repeated) Value free.
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Hypothesis
A testable statement about the relationship between two variables.
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Variable
a factor or thing that can change – it varies.
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Independent Variable
the variable that is manipulated (controlled) by the experimenter.
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Dependent Variable
the measured outcome
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Independent groups
Participants are divided into two groups. One group does one condition whilst the second group does the other.
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Repeated measures
One group of participants. Take part in both conditions of the experiment.
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Matched pairs
Participants tested before and matched for qualities into pairs. One member of the pair does one condition, whilst the other member does the other condition. Identical twins are often used as matched pairs.
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Standardised procedures
A set order of carrying out a study that is applied to all participants when necessary. Makes the experiment unbiased.
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Random allocation
A procedure for putting participants into conditions by chance in an independent groups design. e.g. drawing names out of a hat.
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Counterbalancing
A procedure for evening out the order in which participants complete both conditions of an experiment in a repeated measures design.
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Extraneous variables (EVs)
Variables other than the IV that might affect the DV if they are not controlled. E.g. Time allowed to do the test and questions in the test should be the same for all participants.
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Instructions
Written (or verbal) information given to participants during the experiment. Briefing – informed consent and expectations Standardised instructions Debriefing
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Randomisation
Using chance to produce an order for a procedure. E.g. drawing 20 words out of a hat to determine order.
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Ecological validity
Results of an investigation can be applied to real-life behaviour. Accurate account of behaviour in the real world.
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Target population
Target group of people the researcher is interested in. E.g. Year 10 Psychology students.
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Sample
Group of people involved in the research. Presumed to be representative of the population and unbiased. Results from the study can be generalised (i.e. applied to the target population)
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Random sample
People selected randomly so every member of the target population has an even chance of being selected (i.e. representative sample). E.g. draw names out of a hat, etc.
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Opportunity sample
People who happen to be around at the time
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Systematic sample
Every nth person is chosen from a list. E.g. every 7th person
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Stratified sample
The proportions of people in population sub-groups (strata) are reflected in the sample
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Anomalous results
Extremely high or low result that does not match the other results in a set of scores. It can have a large effect on the mean and range for a set of scores. Researchers usually try to offer a sensible explanation for anomalous results
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Stratified sample
The proportions of people in population sub-groups (strata) are reflected in the sample
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Anomalous results
Extremely high or low result that does not match the other results in a set of scores. It can have a large effect on the mean and range for a set of scores. Researchers usually try to offer a sensible explanation for anomalous results
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A testable statement about the relationship between two variables.
Back
Hypothesis
Card 3
Front
a factor or thing that can change – it varies.
Back
Card 4
Front
the variable that is manipulated (controlled) by the experimenter.
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