Exchange rate of Euro; interest rates (1%) making it a supranational body
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EU policy control example?
CAP - the Common Agricultural Policy
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ECJ cases?
2010 o European Commission v. Republic of Malta over field of water policy ruled in favour of Commission; Costa v. ENEL was the landmark case which established the supremacy of European Union law over the laws of its member states 1964
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Qualified Majority Voting currently?
62% of population and 50% of countries
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Changes to QMV?
Treaty of Lisbon set to change in 2014 due to EU enlargement; Maority of countries 55% (from Commission) or 72% elsewhere and majority of population 65%
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North America regionalism?
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, Mexico and US (economic)
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Asian regionalism?
ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations – 10 countries including Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore
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African regionalism?
African Union (political) - consisting of all 54 states aside from Morroco aside from some suspended members Madagascar, Central African Republic and Guinea-Bissau – recently accused ICC of racism for only going after Africans (99% of those indicted)
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Middle Eastern regionalism?
Arab League - 22 members (Syria suspended) – Arb British Chamber of Commerce which was mandated to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab would and its major trading partner, the UK
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Members of WTO not part of an RTA?
Mongolia (only one)
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Number of RTA's WTO has been notified of?
462 existing
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Asia-Pacific trade?
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation – expanded from 12 to 21 and encompasses 50% of the global GDP
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European Union Treaties
Treaty of Rome (1957) Single European Act (1986), Maastrict Treaty (1992), Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and Treaty of Nice (2001) and Treaty of Libson (2007)
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Changes to CFSP?
EDA (European Defence Agency) was set up in 2004 and High Representative for the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Difficulty is revealed by under Libson Treaty 2007 (into effect 2009) CFSP status of being a ‘pillar’ thus ended.
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EEAS?
December 2011 European External Action Service (EEAS) was created under Libson essentially intended to be a common Foreign Office
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Example of EU Jurisdiction?
Justice and Home Affairs Policy Maastricht designated asylum policy and immigration as ‘areas of common interest’, Amsterdam gave it full control over certain aspects and Libson gave the ECJ jurisdiction over JHA
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2004 EU Enlargement?
10 - incld. Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and Cyprus
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2007 EU Enlargement?
Romania and Bulgaria
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Countries set to join?
Croatia (2013) Bosnia, Kosovo and Albana (2015) Serbia, Turkey, Macedonia, Iceland and Montenegro (in talks)
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