public services level 3 unit 2

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Behaviourism
Behaviourist theory is based on the principle that children come into the world as blank slates. behaviour is influenced by the environment.
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Pavlov - Classical Conditioning (1890’s)
pavlov's dog
Pavlov conditioned the dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a bell by ringing the bell when they were given food. By pairing the bell (the new stimulus) and the food (the familiar stimulus) together, Pavlov had conditioned the dogs to salivate whe
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Skinner - Operant Conditioning (1948)
skinners box
- developed the theory of operant conditioning
- behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
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Bandura - Social Learning Theory
- individuals learn from observing others, imitating and modelling.
- the bobo doll
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operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement, both positive and negative, to influence how new behaviours are learnt and how old behaviours are modified.
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classical conditioning
The use of a familiar stimulus to influence behaviour towards a new stimulus by repeatedly pairing them together.
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Positive Reinforcement
A reward or praise.
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Negative Reinforcement
The removal of an unfavourable outcome.
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stimulus
A thing or event that causes an individual to react.
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Psychodynamic
The psychodynamic approach is based on the principle that behaviour is explained by unconscious thoughts and emotions.
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Sigmund Freud - The Iceberg Analogy
Freud contended that the mind could be split into three parts that developed over the first five years of life:
- the conscious
- preconscious
- unconscious
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the conscious mind
The easily accessible part of the mind that stores experiences, memories and skills.
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the unconscious mind
The bank of memories, thoughts and urges that individuals are not readily aware of.
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the Subconscious Mind
The experiences of the senses in the here and now.
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Sigmund Freud - The Three Parts to the Psyche
Freud developed a theory that all human minds are made up of three parts;
- the id
- the ego
- the superego
They act in conflict with each other and it is this conflict that determines our behaviour.
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id
Primitive and instinctual part of the mind.
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ego
Realistic part of the mind operating in the real world.
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superego
The moral thermometer within the mind.
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Humanistic
The humanistic approach is based on the idea that individuals operate on their own free will and are able to choose how they act.
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Maslows's Hierarchy of Needs (1943)
Maslow developed a five-tier process that all individuals will follow in order to achieve self-actualisation.
1.physiological needs
2. safety needs
3. social needs
4. esteem needs
5. self-actualisation
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Physiological
Needs that must be met for survival, including food and water.
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Self-actualisation
When an individual can appreciate that they have reached their full potential.
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Cognitive Psychology
- How the brain works and why.
- Internal mental process, in particular stimulus and response should be studied scientifically.
- Influenced by computer science, often compares the brain with a computer and how information is processed and shared.
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Type A and Type B Personality Theory
(A)
Type A personality
People with a type A personality tend to lack patience, have a strong urge for competition, a high desire to achieve goals and progress in their chosen career, will happily multi-task when placed under time constraints, lack tolerance t
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Type A and Type B Personality Theory
(B)
Type B personality
People with a type B personality tend to be more tolerant towards others, more relaxed and reflective than their type A counterparts, experience lower levels of anxiety and display higher levels of imagination and creativity.
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Trait Theory
An example is the extroverts - introvert trait.
All individuals will fall somewhere along the continuum not everyone will be an introvert or extrovert. Some will sit in between these two. It is their location that will determine how they will behave
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Situational Theory
The situational approach is different from the trait theory approach as it says that behaviour is dependent on the current situation or environment.
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Theory of Planned Behaviour
This theory links the beliefs an individual hold, to the likelihood that they will behave in a certain way.
This theory is based on three principles.
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Attitude towards the behaviour
This is the individual's belief that the behaviour will make a positive or negative contribution towards their life.
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Subjective norm
These are the opinions of individuals surrounding the individual. They include peer opinion, social norms, cultural beliefs.
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Perceived behavioural control
This is the individual’s own belief on how easy or hard it is to display a certain behaviour or act in a certain way.
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Behavioural intention
The perceived likelihood of a person carrying out this behaviour.
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introvert
Shy and quiet.
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extrovert
Outgoing and socially confident.
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Spectrum of Mindset Theory
Fixed and growth mindset.
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fixed mindset
When one believes that they have a number of basic qualities, including intelligence and talent, that are fixed. They cannot improve or worsen.
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growth mindset
When one believes that they can be achieved through dedication and hard work. They believe ability and success comes through hard work and learning and therefore requires time and effort.
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Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Research (1963)
Milgram used the experiment to measure how obedient the teachers were. He wanted to see what level of shock they were willing to deliver.
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from the experiment what did Milgrim find?
He found that:
- Obedience rates decreased when the learner was in the same room as the experimenter
- Participants were significantly less obedient when the instructions to continue came from a person they believed to be another participant rather than
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obedience
Following an order or request.
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conformity
When an individual change their behaviour to fit in with a group.
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compliance
When an individual change their behaviour because they are requested to do so.
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Jerry Burger (2009) Replicating Milgram
He wished to repeat the experiment to test it against modern moral standards to see if they would receive different results from participants living in a society far more aware of their moral responsibilities. In conducting the experiment, he changed the
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Charles K Hofling’s Hospital Experiment of Obedience
Nurses in a hospital were given orders from a 'doctor' over the telephone to administer a dose of medication above the maximum allowed. The nurses were watched to see what they would do. The medication was not real, though the nurses thought it was.
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Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment, a social psychology study in which college students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment. It was intended to measure the effect of role-playing, labelling, and social expectations on behaviour originally
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The Asch Paradigm
Asch conducted several experiments to test conformity in order to discover the amount that a person’s opinions could be influenced by the opinions of a group.
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Stress-vulnerability Model
A positive outcome of a psychiatric disorder is more likely if environmental stress is minimized or managed well, medication is taken as prescribed, and alcohol and drug abuse are avoided.
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Biological Vulnerability
If someone was biologically vulnerable they are more likely to suffer from a particular illness such as asthma or heart disease.
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General Adaptation Syndrome
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
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Alarm Reaction Stage
Initial reaction of the body in “fight or flight” mode to stress.
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Resistance Stage
Body remains on high alert, producing hormones to react to stress.
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Exhaustion Stage
Body becomes exhausted by continued reaction to stress.
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Card 2

Front

Pavlov - Classical Conditioning (1890’s)
pavlov's dog

Back

Pavlov conditioned the dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a bell by ringing the bell when they were given food. By pairing the bell (the new stimulus) and the food (the familiar stimulus) together, Pavlov had conditioned the dogs to salivate whe

Card 3

Front

Skinner - Operant Conditioning (1948)
skinners box

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Bandura - Social Learning Theory

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

operant conditioning

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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