an open question asks a participant to respond to a set question but leave a blank underneath the question so participants can answer in whatever style they choose.
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CLOSED QUESTIONS
closed questions give the answer to the participant and they have to choose the most appropriate. (responses can easily be turned into quantitative data.)
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CLOSED QUESTIONS (advantages and disadvantages)
advantages -easy answer, easy to analyse data, takes little time. Disadvantages- leads to bias, they may choose a response that may not fit their answer, lacks responses on why they selected that option.
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OPEN QUESTIONS (advantages and disadvantages)
advantages- provides more rich, detailed information. doesn't force participants to give a particular answer. Disadvantages- time consuming, responses may not be relevant to what the researcher desired.
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RATING SCALES
Rating scales present users with an item and ask them to select from a number of choices. The rating scale is similar in some respects to a multiple choice test, but its options represent degrees of a particular characteristic.
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RATING SCALES (advantages and disadvantages)
advantages- more options, easily repeatable, still gives you quantitative data
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LIKERT SCALES
Likert scales comprise a number of statements (not questions) for each of the participants indicate whether they, strongly agree/agree/are undecided/disagree/strongly disagree
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SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIALS
Semantic differentials use polar opposite words (good-bad) the participant has to indicate on the scale of how far the feel towards each term.
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STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
the interviewer asks the same questions to each participant in the same order. closed questions are often used, with the interviewee picking the answer that is closest to their own view.
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STRUCTURED INTERVIEW (strengths and weaknesses)
STRENGTHS- you get quantitative data, easy to analyse and compare. easily repeatable. WEAKNESSES- using closed questions means no follow up answers, prevents you from getting clarification of their answer.
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SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
the interviewer will have a set of questions to ask and is expected to ask all of them, but the phrasing and timing of them is left to the interviewer to decide, questions may invite more open-ended responses.
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SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW (strengths and weaknesses)
STRENGTHS -allows the interviewer to use additional questions to seek clarification on a response, or to explore an interesting comment made during one of the set questions WEAKNESSES-could start to talk about things you don't need and go off topic
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UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
The researcher has topics to discuss but these don't have to be in the same order for each participant, the interview is more like a conversation with further questions being developed in response to the interviewees answers.
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UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW (strengths and weaknesses)
STRENGTHS- free to ask and answer whatever you want, find out stuff that may not of found out before, high in ecological validity. WEAKNESSES- difficult to compare responses as they may be asked very different questions, easily go off topic.
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QUESTIONNAIRES (ADVANTAGES)
Easy to analyse data (quantitative), quick and easy to complete, design questions specifically, easy to maintain confidentiality.
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QUESTIONNAIRES (DISADVANTAGES)
limited information to analyse, can't ask follow up questions, low response rate, can't ask for clarification.
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INTERVIEWS (ADVANTAGES)
Can get detailed information to analyse, being face to face enables you to develop a relationship and read body language.
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INTERVIEWS (DISADVANTAGES)
time consuming, can lead to socially desirable responses because of a lack of confidentiality.
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NOMINAL DATA
This is the lowest level of data . it is a 'headcount' of the number of participants who do one thing as opposed to another.
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ORDINAL DATA
Ordinal data relates to the rank order in which data can be placed, results are placed in order from highest to lowest.
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INTERVAL DATA
Data at this level goes beyond ordinal level data in that it takes into account not just of rank order but of actual individual results.
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FACE VALIDITY
how accurate the measure looks at first glance (on the face of it)
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CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
how accurate the test measures what it is trying to measure.
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CONCURRENT VALIDITY
Does the test give the same results as another test or study?
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CRITERION VALIDITY
Can the test predict the results on another test?
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SPLIT HALF RELIABILITY (INTERNAL)
Correlating the results of half the items against the other half. if the correlation has a high and positive coefficient then internal reliability is deemed high.
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TEST RETEST RELIABILITY (EXTERNAL)
Correlating the results from one time to another. If the correlation has a high and positive coefficient then external reliability is deemed high.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
closed questions give the answer to the participant and they have to choose the most appropriate. (responses can easily be turned into quantitative data.)
Back
CLOSED QUESTIONS
Card 3
Front
advantages -easy answer, easy to analyse data, takes little time. Disadvantages- leads to bias, they may choose a response that may not fit their answer, lacks responses on why they selected that option.
Back
Card 4
Front
advantages- provides more rich, detailed information. doesn't force participants to give a particular answer. Disadvantages- time consuming, responses may not be relevant to what the researcher desired.
Back
Card 5
Front
Rating scales present users with an item and ask them to select from a number of choices. The rating scale is similar in some respects to a multiple choice test, but its options represent degrees of a particular characteristic.
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