Psychology-Memory

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  • Created by: Phoebe.C
  • Created on: 30-03-17 11:59
What are the three stores of the multi-store model of memory?
The sensory register, the short- term memory and the long-term memory
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Research into Coding of the sensory register
Crowder-iconic store- a few milliseconds,echoic store-2-3 seconds
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Research into capacity of the sensory register
Sperling-3x4 grid with tones, high recall.
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Research into duration of the sensory register
Walsh and Thompson-iconic-500 milliseconds that decreases with age.Treisman-two messages with a slight delay to each ear. 2 second or less and the particpiant could not tell.
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Research into the coding of short-term memory.
Baddeley-75 participants were presented with acoustically and semantically similar or dissimilar words. Acoustically similar performed worste.
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Posner and Keele
AA was easier to see as the same letter than Aa
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Research into the capacity of short-term memory
Jacobs-seriel digit span method, 7 items for letters 9 items or numbers.
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Miller
Reviewed research into STM capacity and found that it was between 5 and 9 chunks of information.
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Research into duration of short-term memory
Peterson and Peterson-nonsense trigram then count backwards in threes from a large three digit number for periods of time. 90% after 18 seconds but 5% after 30 seconds.
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Marsh et al
If participants weren't expecting to remember information the duration was only two to four seconds in STM
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Research into coding in Long-term memory
Baddeley (see STM coding flashcard)
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Nelson and Rothbart
Acoustic coding also occurs in LTM as participants confuse homophones.
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Research into the capacity of long-term memory
Wagenaar-diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and found he had excellent recall.
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Research into the duration of Long-term memory
Bahrik et al-400 participants between 17 and 74 asked to identify ex-school friends. Those who left in the last 15 years had 90% recall for both names and faces. Those who left 48 years earlier recognised 80% of names and 70% faces.
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What are the components of The working memory model?
The central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial sketchpad.
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What does the central executive do?
Determines which information is and isn't attended to. Processes information in all sensory forms, directs information to the slave systems and collects responses.
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Research into the Central executive
Baddeley-participants found it difficult to generate lists of random numbers while switching between pressing numbers and letters on a keyboard.
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D'Esposito et al
fMRI scans prefrontal cortex was activated when verbal and spatial tasks were performed simultaneously but not when performed seperately.
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What does the phonological loop do?
Deals with auditory information and the order of the auditory information.
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What are the two stores o the phonological loop?
The primary acoustic store and the articulatory process.
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What does the primary acoustic store do?
Store recently heard words.
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What does the articulatory process?
Keeps information in the store through sub-vocal repetition and is linked to speech production.
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Research into the phonological loop.
Baddeley et al-word length effect supporting the idea that phonological loop is set by time taken to say words rather than how many words there are.
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Trojani and Grossi
Case study of SC who had brain damage of PL but not VSS
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What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?
Handles non-phonological information and is a temporary store for visual and spatial items and the relationships between them.
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What are the two components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
The inner scribe and the visual cache
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What does the visual cache do?
Stores material about colour and form.
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What does the inner scribe do?
Handles spatial relationships and rehearses and transfers information to the CE
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Research into the visuo-spatial sketchpad
Gathercole and Baddeley-difficulty simultaneously tracking a moving point of light and describing the angles of a hollow letter F
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What does the episodic buffer do?
Temporarily store information from all of the other components of the working memory model.
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Research into the Episodic buffer
Alkhalifa-A patient with severly impaired Long term memory but could have 25 items in short term memory which is greater than the usual amount of the PL or VSS
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What is episodic memory?
The memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of their experiences. The strength of the memory is determined by the emotions present when it was created and degree of processing.
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What are the brain parts associated with episodic memory?
Prefrontal cortex (initial coding) and neocortex (consolidation and storage). The hippocampus connect memory from different sensory storages.
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Research into episodic memory
Tulving-radioactive gold scanned in 6 participants who were asked to think about certain memories. Three showed inconclusive data. For the other three there was greater activation in the frontal lobes while thinking about episodic memories.
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What is semantic memory?
All knowledge an individual has learned.
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What brain areas are associated with the semantic memory?
Coding is mainly associated with frontal and temporal lobes.
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Research into semantic memory.
Kroenig-64 imaginary crutters. Alzheimer sufferers and non-sufferers were given direct comparison or rules to decide which one was being looked for. Equal at using direct comparison but sufferers were inferior at using stated rules.
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What is procedural memory?
Implicit memory of how perform learned tasks with little conscios thought.
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What brain areas are associated with procedural memory?
The neocortex areas of primary motor cortex,cerebellum and prefrontal cortex.
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Research into procedural memory
Finke et al-case study of a 68 year old professional cellist who had severe amnesia and episodic and semantic memory were very affected but he could still read and play music.
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What is proactive interference?
Previously stored information interferes with the ability to recall new information
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What is retroactive interference?
New information disrupts previously stored information.
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Research into interference
Schmidt et al-211 participants given a map of where they went to school and asked to name street names. Questionnaire on how many times they had moved house etc. Positive association with number of times moved and number of street names forgotten.
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Baddeley and Hitch research into interference
Rugby players naming the teams they had played against com,pared to how many games they had played.
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What is context-dependent failure.
External retrieval cues are different when trying to recall than when learning information.
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Research into context-dependent failure.
Godden and Baddeley-divers learnt material either on dry land or while under water and found recaal of the wrods was better when they were in the environment where they learnt the words.
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Abernethy
Participants recalled information less well when tested in an unfamiliar room by an unfamiliar teacher.
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What is state-dependent failure?
Internal retrieval cues are different when recalling information then they were when learing the information.
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Research into state-dependent failure
Overton-participants learnt material while drunk or sober and recall was worse when individuals were at a different internal state at recall than at learning.
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What is repression?
Emotionally threatening events are banished into the unconscious memory to prevent feelings of anxiety.
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Research into repression
Williams-38% of women with childhood sexual assaults could not recall it and 16% of those who could said that they could not at one point.
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Research into misleading information in Eye-witness testimony
Loftus and Palmer- car crash videos-changed verb-contacted,31.8 miles, and smashed,40.8 miles, smashed glass with hit and smashed,broken glass-smashed-16, hit-7
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What is the Yerkes-Dodson inverted U hypothesis?
The model that illustrates the best anxiety level for recall to be moderate.
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Research into anxiety affecting recall ability.
Deffenbacher-meta-analysis of 21 studies examining the role of anxiety. Heightened anxiety negatively affected the memory of eyewitnesses
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Christianson and Hubinette
studied real bank robberies and found increased arousal led to improvements in accuacy of recall.
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What are the four features of a cognitive interview?
Change of narrative order,Change of perspective,Mental reinstatement of context,Report everything.
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Research into the cognitive interview
Geiselman et al-the CI produced more accurate,detailed memories than the SPI technique.
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Kohnken et al
Meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing CI and SPI and found CIs produce more accurate detail but also more innaccurate detail.
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Research into the enhanced cognitive interview
Fisher et al-found ECI to be superior compared to a SPI.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Crowder-iconic store- a few milliseconds,echoic store-2-3 seconds

Back

Research into Coding of the sensory register

Card 3

Front

Sperling-3x4 grid with tones, high recall.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Walsh and Thompson-iconic-500 milliseconds that decreases with age.Treisman-two messages with a slight delay to each ear. 2 second or less and the particpiant could not tell.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Baddeley-75 participants were presented with acoustically and semantically similar or dissimilar words. Acoustically similar performed worste.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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