Psychology Issues and Debates Key words

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  • Created by: ViviHelp
  • Created on: 08-02-21 13:20
Culture
The values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour shared by a group of people
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Culture Bias
The tendency to judge people in terms of one's own cultural assumptions
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Alpha Bias (cultural)
Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups are profoundly different, and that recognition of these enduring differences must always inform psychological research and understanding
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Beta Bias (cultural)
Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised, and all people are assumed to be the same, resulting in universal research designs and conclusions that mistakingly assume that all cultures are the same
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Ethnocentrism
Seeing the world from one's own cultural perspective, and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct
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Cultural Relativism
Insists that behaviour can only be properly understood if the culture context is taken into consideration
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Universality
That a theory can be applied to all people, irrespective of gender or culture
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Ethical Implications
Consider the impact or consequences that psychological research has on the rights of other people in a wider context, not just the participants taking part in the research
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Social Sensitivity
Sieber and Stanley used the term to describe studies where there are potential social consequences for the participants or the group of people represented by the research.
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Determinism
The view that free will is an illusion, and that our behaviour is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control
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Hard Determinism
The view that forces outside our control shape our behaviour. It is seen as incompatible with free will
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Soft Determinism
An alternative position favoured by many psychologists. According to soft determinism, behaviour is constrained by the environment or biological make-up, but only to a certain extent
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Biological Determinism
Refers to the idea that all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes.
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Environmental Determinism
The view that behaviour is determined or caused by forces outside the individual. It posits that our behaviour is caused by previous experience learned through classical and operant conditioning
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Psychic Determinism
Claims that human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives (id, ego, superego), as in Freud's model of psychological development.
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Free Will
The idea that we play an active role and have a choice in how we behave. The assumption is that individuals are free to choose their behaviour and are self-determined.
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Causal Explanations
Science is heavily deterministic in its march for casual relationships (explanations) as it seeks to discover whether X causes Y, or whether the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable
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Reductionism
Is the belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts
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Biological Reductionism
Refers to the way that biological psychologists try to reduce behaviour to a physical level and explain it in terms of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, brain structure, etc.
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Environmental Reductionism
Is also known as stimulus-response/ Behaviourists assume that all behaviour can be reduced to the simple building blocks of stimulus-response associations and that complex behaviours are a series of stimulus-response chains
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Experimental Reductionism
When a complex behaviour is reduced to a single (isolated) variable for the purpose of testing
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Parsimony
The idea that complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest terms possible
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Levels of Explanations
The reductionist approach suggests that behaviour can be explained at different levels (social and cultural, psychological or biological)
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Holism
The idea that human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience, and no as separate parts
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Interactionist Approach
Argues that several levels of explanation are necessary to explain a particular behaviour, ranging from lower (biological) to higher levels (social and cultural)
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Idiographic
Psychologists who take an idiographic approach emphasise the unique personal experience of human nature (in-depth, in-sight, individual)
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Nomothetic
Psychologists who take a nomothetic approach are concerned with establishing general laws, based on the study of large groups of people, and the use of statistical (quantitative) techniques to analyse data
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Gender Bias
The different treatment and/or representation of males and females, based on stereotypes and not real differences
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Alpha Bias (gender)
Refers to theories that exaggerate the differences between males and females
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Beta Bias (gender)
Refers to theories that ignore or minimise sex differences. These theories often assume that the findings from studies using males can apply equally to females
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Androcentrism
Theories which are centred on, or focused on males
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Card 2

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The tendency to judge people in terms of one's own cultural assumptions

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Culture Bias

Card 3

Front

Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups are profoundly different, and that recognition of these enduring differences must always inform psychological research and understanding

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised, and all people are assumed to be the same, resulting in universal research designs and conclusions that mistakingly assume that all cultures are the same

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Seeing the world from one's own cultural perspective, and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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