Psychology Checkpoint test 5

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Define perceptual set
Preparing us to notice certain aspects of our sensory environment in order to perceive the information.
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4 factors which effect perception
1) Culture
2)Emotion
3)Motivation
4)Expectations
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Why does culture effect perception
We perceive things differently based on what we are already familiar with
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Collectivist culture
Doing something to benefit a community
Interdependence
People rely on each other
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Individualist culture
Doing something to benefit themselves
Benefit one not a group
Independence
People rely on themselves
Involves competition
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Define Emotion
A strong feeling or mood that drives someone to act in a particular way
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How does emotion effect the environment
Emotion effects our sensitivity towards the environment, it can heighten or decrease it.
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McGinnies study date
1949
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Aim of McGinnie's study
Does it take us longer to recognise words which give us anxiety
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Procedure of McGinnie's study
8 males, 8 females
Presented words once at a time
Asked to recite words after recognition
Some were neutral, some were taboo
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Results of McGinnie's study
The taboo words took longer to recognise than the neutral words
GSR was higher with taboo words
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Conclusion of McGinnie's study
Emotion is a factor which effects perception
Higher embarrassment = a higher time for recognition
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Define perceptual defence
When faced with something that caused anxiety, our brain temporarily blocks out the information.
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Define motivation
A reason for acting a particular way with the aim of achieving a goal.
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Aim of Gilchrist and Nesberg
To evaluate whether motivation effected perception
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Procedure of Gilchrist and Nesberg
26 undergraduates : not eaten for 20 hours
control group
shown 4 slides of a meal : 15 secs each
After dimmer, were asked to adjust the lighting of the image to it's original appearance
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Results of Gilchrist and Nesberg
Food deprived : adjusted the brightness to higher than the original

Control : more accurate brightness
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Conclusion of Gilchrist and Nesberg
Hunger is a motivating factor
Motivation effects perception
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Define expectation
A strong belief on what is likely to occur based on past experiences
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Expectations and perception
If we expect something to appear in a certain way, we are more likely to perceive it according to our expectations.
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Expectancy effect
We can experience behavioural change based on our expectations
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Define independent groups
Separate groups of people
One baseline
One experimental
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Strengths of independent groups
No practice effect
-> avoids order which acts as an independent variable
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Weakness of independent groups
Participant variables
-> Participants in each group may differ
-> Decreases validity
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Define repeated measures
All participants cover each element of the experiment
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Strength to repeated measures
No participant variables
-> Participants are compared against themselves
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Weakness to repeated measures
Does not avoid practice effect
-> Participants repeat the procedure twice
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Define matches pairs
2 groups based on participant variables
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Strength to matched pairs
No practice effect
Less participant variables
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Weakness to matched pairs
Takes time, never exact
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Adult brain weight
1.4kg
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Adult brain water percentage
74%
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Adult brain growth rate
3x birth size in year 1
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What is the brain mostly made up of
Fat
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Speed information can pass between neurons
250mph
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Percentage of neurons in the brain
10%
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Brain stem
Connects the spinal cord
Motor and sensory nerves
Develops early : crucial
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Cerebellum
Co-ordinates movement with sensory input
(Sensirometer)
-> Role in cognition
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Cognition
Thinking and all mental processes
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Cortex
Outer covering of the brain
Mental processing
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Thalamus
Key hub of information
Sensory and motor signals to cortex
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Effect of smoking on a babies brain
Slows down the rate of growth
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How to avoid infection of a baby
Avoid contact with those who have German Measles
Vaccinations
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How to encourage a babies development
Talk to the baby a lot
Form a common, soothing voice
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Sample population
Representative of a target population
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Random sampling
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
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Opportunity sampling
Whoever is there at the time will be chosen
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Systematic sampling
Every nth person, starting with a random number
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Stratified sampling
Proportional representation of population.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

4 factors which effect perception

Back

1) Culture
2)Emotion
3)Motivation
4)Expectations

Card 3

Front

Why does culture effect perception

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Collectivist culture

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Individualist culture

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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