Social Influence

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internalisation
Conforming to the group because you accept its norms – you agree privately as well as publicly.
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identification
Conforming to the group because we value it – prepared to change views to be part of it.
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compliance
Superficial agreement with the group – going along with it publicly but holding a different view privately.
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ISI
Agreeing with the majority view/behaviour because we believe they know better or are more likely to be right.
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NSI
Agreeing with the majority because we want to be liked and/or do not want to be rejected.
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Asch procedure
123 american male undergraduates had to identify lines of the same length along with 6–8 confederates. 12 out 18 critical trials.
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Asch findings
Mistakenly agreed with confederate majority 36.8%of the time, mostly normative social influence. 25% never conformed.
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Group size
Conformity increased to 31.8% with a majority of three but not further.
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unanimity
Conformity rate dropped with a dissenter (whether right or wrong).
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task difficulty
Conformity increased as the task got harder, mainly informational social influence.
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Zimbardo research
'Emotionally stable' students played roles of prisoners and guards in prison simulation scheduled to last two weeks. Guards and prisoners had their own uniforms to emphasise their social roles.
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Zimbardo findings
Guards treated prisoners harshly especially after suppressing an attempted rebellion. Prisoners became more depressed until the study was stopped after six days.
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Zimbardo conclusion
Guards, prisoners and researchers all conformed to their roles within the mock prison. Study demonstrated the power of the situation to influence behaviour.
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Milgram research
40 male pps aged 20 to 50 'Teacher' gave fake electric shocks to 'learner' during a 'learning task', ordered to do so by an experimenter. At 315v learner pounded on the wall for the last time. Prods, e.g. 'You have no other choice, you must go on'.
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Milgram findings
No participants stopped before 300v where 12.5% stopped and 65% went all the way to the top of the shock scale, 450v. Many showed signs of stress, most objected but continued anyway. Prior survey said 3% would obey.84% were glad to have participated
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Proximity
Reducing the distance between teacher and learner reduced obedience. Obedience = 40% when learner and teacher in same room. when the electroshock plate was introduced it dropped to 30% and when it was over telephone it dropped to 20.5%
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Location
Changing the location to somewhere with less status and prestige reduced obedience. Obedience = 47.5% in run-down office.
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uniform
Uniform is symbol of authority. Obedience = 20% when experimenter's role was taken by an ordinary member of the public.
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agentic state
We fail to take personal responsibility because we believe we are acting on behalf of an authority figure.
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autonomous state
We feel free of other influences and so take personal responsibility for our actions.
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agentic shift
We switch from being autonomous to being an agent, because we perceive someone else to be an authority figure entitled to expect obedience.
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legitimacy of authority
Some people have positions of authority because they have been entrusted by society with certain powers (e.g. police).
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power
One power is the power to punish, so we obey authority out of fear of punishment, which we learn in childhood.
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destructive obedience
We behave in cruel ways if the legitimate authority orders us to do something destructive.
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Adorno procedure
Studied over 2000 middle-class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes to racial groups.
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Adorno findings
High F-scale scores linked with identification with the 'strong' and contempt for the 'weak'.
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Example of F scale
Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.
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Characteristics of AP
Extreme respect for authority and obedience to it, very inflexible outlook, hatred for minorities.
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Origins of AP
Harsh parenting results in hostility but cannot be expressed against parents so displaced.
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internal LOC
Fate lies in your own hands so better equipped to resist social influence.- Internals are more confident and have less need for social approval.
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external LOC
What happens to you is down to luck or chance so no point resisting.
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Minority influence
One person/small group influences one person/small group/large group (Moscovici).
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consistency
Minority stay united and keep same views over time.
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commitment
Augmentation principle – personal sacrifices show minority not acting out of self-interest.
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flexibility
Minority should accept reasonable counter-arguments from majority.
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social change
Draw attention, consistency, deeper processing, augmentation principle, snowball effect.
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social cryptoamnesia
People forget the origins of a social change.
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obedience in social change
Gradual commitment – people obey instructions one step at a time.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

identification

Back

Conforming to the group because we value it – prepared to change views to be part of it.

Card 3

Front

compliance

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

ISI

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

NSI

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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