What was one reason for the flourishing of mass political parties?
Introduction of universal male suffrage
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Who did the conservatives represent?
Junkers, landed interests, especially in Prussia.
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What were the views of the conservatives?
Supported the Kaiser, discipline and authority, in favour of a nationalist foreign policy
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Who did the free conservatives represent?
Commercial, industrial and wealthier professional classes from across Germany
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Who did the national liberals represent?
Industrial middle class, protestant middle class
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What were the views of the free conservatives?
Similar to the conservatives, Strong Supporters of Bismarck and protectionism (i.e the state should protect German business with tariffs)
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What were the views of the national liberals?
Nationlist; Believed in a strong nation state and encouragement of a state with a liberal constitution; supported Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church, the Kulturkampf, political allies of the Conservative parties
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Who did the liberal progressives represent?
Middle classes
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What were the views of the liberal progressives?
In favour of the development of parliamentary government; not so keen on Bismarck's idea of the power of the nation state, views closely shared by the German People's Party
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Who did the Social Democratic Party (SPD) represent?
Working classes after Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws lapsed in 1890
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Who did the Centre Party represent?
Catholic Church and its members, based in the south, support from non-socialist working class and middle and lower middle class interests
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What were the views of the Centre Party?
Opposed Bismarck's attack on the Catholic church - the kulturkampf, feared rise of socialism; anti-prussia
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What were the views of the SPD?
Split: Marxists argued for revolution and non-cooperation with the political system, reformists argued that the party should work within the political system to achieve social reform
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