Photosynthesis M5 C17
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- Created by: kaylee17ne
- Created on: 13-02-24 21:01
Chloroplasts:
Network of _________ provide a large surface area to maximise light absorption. These form flattened sacs called _________ which are stacked to form _____.
Network of _________ provide a large surface area to maximise light absorption. These form flattened sacs called _________ which are stacked to form _____.
Network of membranes provide a large surface area to maximise light absorption. These form flattened sacs called thylakoids which are stacked to form grana.
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The fluid enclosed in the chloroplast is called the ______ and is the site of many chemical reactions.
The fluid enclosed in the chloroplast is called the stroma and is the site of many chemical reactions.
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Chlorophyll:
Pigment molecules absorb specific ___________ of light and reflect others. The primary pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a which mainly absorbs ___ and ____ but reflects green.
Pigment molecules absorb specific ___________ of light and reflect others. The primary pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a which mainly absorbs ___ and ____ but reflects green.
Pigment molecules absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect others. The primary pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a which mainly absorbs red and blue but reflects green.
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Chlorophyll _, _________, and __________ absorb different wavelengths of light. They are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. These and other pigments form a light __________ system.
Chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, and carotenoids absorb different wavelengths of light. They are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. These and other pigments form a light harvesting system.
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This system absorbs and harvests different wavelengths and transfers this energy to the _______ centre. Chlorophyll _ is located in this centre where photosynthesis takes place. The light harvesting system and the reaction centre are known as a __________
This system absorbs and harvests different wavelengths and transfers this energy to the reaction centre. Chlorophyll a is located in this centre where photosynthesis takes place. The light harvesting system and the reaction centre are known as a photosyst
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2 stages of photosynthesis:
Light dependent stage is where light energy is absorbed and used to form ___. Hydrogen from water is used to reduce ____ to reduced ____
Light dependent stage is where light energy is absorbed and used to form ___. Hydrogen from water is used to reduce ____ to reduced ____
Light dependent stage is where light energy is absorbed and used to form ATP. Hydrogen from water is used to reduce NADP to reduced NADP.
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Light independent stage is where _______ from reduced NADP and carbon dioxide is used to build _______. The energy is supplied from ___.
Light independent stage is where hydrogen from reduced NADP and carbon dioxide is used to build glucose. The energy is supplied from ATP.
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Light dependent stage (non-cyclic phosphorylation)
- the reaction of PS1 absorbs light at a ______ wavelength than PS2
- the light absorbed excites the _______ at the reaction centres of the photosystems
- the reaction of PS1 absorbs light at a ______ wavelength than PS2
- the light absorbed excites the _______ at the reaction centres of the photosystems
- the reaction of PS1 absorbs light at a higher wavelength than PS2
- the light absorbed excites electrons at the reaction centres of the photosystems
- the light absorbed excites electrons at the reaction centres of the photosystems
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- electrons released from reaction centre of PS2 and are passed to _______ _______ chain
- ATP is produced by __________
- electrons lost are replaced from _____ molecules broke down by light energy
- ATP is produced by __________
- electrons lost are replaced from _____ molecules broke down by light energy
- electrons released from reaction centre of PS2 and are passed to electron transport chain
- ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
- electrons lost are replaced from water molecules brown down by light energy
- ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
- electrons lost are replaced from water molecules brown down by light energy
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- electrons released from reaction centre of PS1 and are passed to _______ ________ chain
- ATP is produced by __________
- electrons lost are replaced by _______ that travelled along the first transport chain released from PS2
- ATP is produced by __________
- electrons lost are replaced by _______ that travelled along the first transport chain released from PS2
- electrons released from reaction centre of PS1 and are passed to electron transport chain
- ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
- electrons lost are replaced by electrons that travelled along the first transport chain released from PS2
- ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
- electrons lost are replaced by electrons that travelled along the first transport chain released from PS2
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- electrons released from transport chain following PS1 are accepted, along with a _______ ion forming reduced ____
- reduced ____ provides the reducing power in the production of glucose
- reduced ____ provides the reducing power in the production of glucose
- electrons released from transport chain following PS1 are accepted, along with a hydrogen ion forming reduced NADP
- reduced NADP provides the reducing power in the production of glucose
- reduced NADP provides the reducing power in the production of glucose
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Light dependent stage (photolysis)
- water molecules split into _______ ions, ________, and _______ molecules using light energy
- electrons released replace electrons lost from reaction centre at PS_
- water molecules split into _______ ions, ________, and _______ molecules using light energy
- electrons released replace electrons lost from reaction centre at PS_
- water molecules split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen molecules using light energy
- electrons released replace electrons lost from reaction centre at PS1
- electrons released replace electrons lost from reaction centre at PS1
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- the _______ evolving complex which forms a part of PS2 catalyses the breakdown of water
- this is why light, ______, and ______ _______ are raw materials of photosynthesis
- this is why light, ______, and ______ _______ are raw materials of photosynthesis
- the oxygen evolving complex which forms a part of PS2 catalyses the breakdown of water
- this is why light, water, and carbon dioxide are raw materials of photosynthesis
- this is why light, water, and carbon dioxide are raw materials of photosynthesis
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- hydrogen ions released into _________, increasing ______ concentration
- as they move along membrane, more ___ is produced
- as they move along membrane, more ___ is produced
- hydrogen ions released into thylakoids, increasing proton concentration
- as they move along membrane, more ATP is produced
- as they move along membrane, more ATP is produced
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- hydrogen ions return to stroma, combine with ____ and an _______ from PS1 to form reduced NADP
- removes hydrogen ions from stroma to help maintain ______ gradient across thylakoids
- removes hydrogen ions from stroma to help maintain ______ gradient across thylakoids
- hydrogen ions return to stroma, combine with NADP and an electron from PS1 to form reduced NADP
- removes hydrogen ions from stroma to help maintain proton gradient across thylakoids
- removes hydrogen ions from stroma to help maintain proton gradient across thylakoids
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Light dependent stage (cyclic phosphorylation)
- electrons leaving transport chain after PS_ are returned instead of being used to form reduced ____
- PS1 can still produce ___ without electrons being supplied from PS2. ____ isn't produced.
- electrons leaving transport chain after PS_ are returned instead of being used to form reduced ____
- PS1 can still produce ___ without electrons being supplied from PS2. ____ isn't produced.
- electrons leaving transport chain after PS1 are returned instead of being used to form reduced NADP
- PS1 can still produce ATP without electrons being supplied from PS2. NADP isn't produced.
- PS1 can still produce ATP without electrons being supplied from PS2. NADP isn't produced.
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Light independent stage (calvin cycle)
- ______ ______ enters spongy mesophyll by diffusion
- diffuses into the stroma and combined with _______ ____________
- the carbon is ______
- ______ ______ enters spongy mesophyll by diffusion
- diffuses into the stroma and combined with _______ ____________
- the carbon is ______
- carbon dioxide enters spongy mesophyll by diffusion
- diffuses into the stroma and combined with ribulose bisphosphate
- the carbon is fixed
- diffuses into the stroma and combined with ribulose bisphosphate
- the carbon is fixed
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- the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate _________ catalyses the reaction, it's competitively ________ by oxygen so a lot of it is needed
- the six carbon molecule formed breaks down forming _______ 3-phosphate
- the six carbon molecule formed breaks down forming _______ 3-phosphate
- the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyses the reaction, it's competitively inhibited by oxygen so a lot of it is needed
- the six carbon molecule formed breaks down forming glycerate 3-phosphate
- the six carbon molecule formed breaks down forming glycerate 3-phosphate
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- each glycerate 3-phosphate is converted to 3 carbon molecule _____ ________
- formed using a ______ atom from reduced NADP and ______ from ATP (from light dependent stage)
- formed using a ______ atom from reduced NADP and ______ from ATP (from light dependent stage)
- each glycerate 3-phosphate is converted to 3 carbon molecule triose phosphate
- formed using a hydrogen atom from reduced NADP and energy from ATP (from light dependent stage)
- formed using a hydrogen atom from reduced NADP and energy from ATP (from light dependent stage)
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3 steps of the calvin cycle
________: carbon dioxide is fixed
reduction: glycerate phosphate is reduced to ______ ________ by the addition of hydrogen from reduced NADP
________: carbon dioxide is fixed
reduction: glycerate phosphate is reduced to ______ ________ by the addition of hydrogen from reduced NADP
fixation: carbon dioxide is fixed in the first step
reduction: glycerate phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate by the addition of hydrogen from reduced NADP
reduction: glycerate phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate by the addition of hydrogen from reduced NADP
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regeneration: ______ _________ is regenerated from the recycled ______ __________
regeneration: ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated from the recycled triose phosphate
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What are the 4 factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?
- light intensity
- carbon dioxide concentration
- temperature
- water stress
- carbon dioxide concentration
- temperature
- water stress
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Light intensity:
- light is needed as an energy source
- as light intensity increases, ___ and reduced ____ are produced at a higher rate
- light is needed as an energy source
- as light intensity increases, ___ and reduced ____ are produced at a higher rate
- light is needed as an energy source
- as light intensity increases, ATP and reduced NADP are reduced at a higher rate
- as light intensity increases, ATP and reduced NADP are reduced at a higher rate
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Carbon dioxide concentration:
- carbon dioxide is needed as a source of ______
- increasing carbon dioxide increases the rate of carbon _______ in the calvin cycle
- the rate of ______ __________ production increases
- carbon dioxide is needed as a source of ______
- increasing carbon dioxide increases the rate of carbon _______ in the calvin cycle
- the rate of ______ __________ production increases
- carbon dioxide is needed as a source of carbon
- increasing carbon dioxide increases the rate of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
- the rate of triose phosphate production increases
- increasing carbon dioxide increases the rate of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
- the rate of triose phosphate production increases
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Temperature:
- temperature increases, the rate of _______ activity increases until proteins denature
- increases the rate of enzyme controlled reactions such as ______ ________
- temperature increases, the rate of _______ activity increases until proteins denature
- increases the rate of enzyme controlled reactions such as ______ ________
- temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity increases until proteins denature
- increases the rate of enzyme controlled reactions such as carbon fixation
- increases the rate of enzyme controlled reactions such as carbon fixation
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Water stress:
- stomata on leaves will try to avoid water loss by __________ during water stress
- closing of stomata stops diffusion of ______ ________ into plant
- reducing rate of light _________ reaction
- stomata on leaves will try to avoid water loss by __________ during water stress
- closing of stomata stops diffusion of ______ ________ into plant
- reducing rate of light _________ reaction
- stomata on leaves will try to avoid water loss by transpiration during water stress
- closing of stomata stops diffusion of carbon dioxide into plant
- reducing rate of light independent reaction
- closing of stomata stops diffusion of carbon dioxide into plant
- reducing rate of light independent reaction
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Water is never considered as a limiting factor because for water potential to become low enough to limit the rate of photosynthesis, the ________ will already have closed and stopped ___________
Water is never considered as a limiting factor because for water potential to become low enough to limit the rate of photosynthesis, the stomata will have already closed and stopped photosynthesis.
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The effect of reducing light on calvin cycle:
- reducing light intensity reduces the rate of light __________ reaction
- reduces the quantity of ___ and reduced ____
- these are needed to convert GP to TP, so GP will _______ and TP will ________
- reducing light intensity reduces the rate of light __________ reaction
- reduces the quantity of ___ and reduced ____
- these are needed to convert GP to TP, so GP will _______ and TP will ________
- reducing light intensity reduces the rate of light dependent reaction
- reduces the quantity of ATP and reduced NADP
- these are needed to convert GP to TP, so GP will increase and TP will decrease
- reduces the quantity of ATP and reduced NADP
- these are needed to convert GP to TP, so GP will increase and TP will decrease
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- less TP to regenerate _______ ___________, so the concentration of this will decrease
- the reverse happens when light intensity increases
- the reverse happens when light intensity increases
- less TP to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate, so the concentration of this will decrease
- the reverse happens when light intensity increases
- the reverse happens when light intensity increases
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The effect of temperature on the calvin cycle
- at low temps, ______ and _______ molecules lose kinetic energy, fewer successful _______, reduced rate of reaction
- decreasing temp results in less concentrations of __, __, and ____
- at low temps, ______ and _______ molecules lose kinetic energy, fewer successful _______, reduced rate of reaction
- decreasing temp results in less concentrations of __, __, and ____
- at low temps, enzyme and substrate molecules lose kinetic energy, fewer successful collisions, reduced rate of reaction
- decreasing temp results in less concentrations of GP, TP and ribulose bisphosphate
- decreasing temp results in less concentrations of GP, TP and ribulose bisphosphate
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The effect of CO2 on the calvin cycle
- low CO2 concentration will lead to reduced __ as there is less carbon dioxide to be fixed, and __
- the concentration of ____ increases as its still being formed from __ but not being used to fix carbon dioxide
- low CO2 concentration will lead to reduced __ as there is less carbon dioxide to be fixed, and __
- the concentration of ____ increases as its still being formed from __ but not being used to fix carbon dioxide
- low CO2 concentration will lead to reduced GP as there is less CO2 to be fixed, and TP
- the concentration of ribulose bisphosphate increases as its still being formed from TP but not being used to fix carbon dioxide
- the concentration of ribulose bisphosphate increases as its still being formed from TP but not being used to fix carbon dioxide
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The fluid enclosed in the chloroplast is called the ______ and is the site of many chemical reactions.
Back
The fluid enclosed in the chloroplast is called the stroma and is the site of many chemical reactions.
Card 3
Front
Chlorophyll:
Pigment molecules absorb specific ___________ of light and reflect others. The primary pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a which mainly absorbs ___ and ____ but reflects green.
Pigment molecules absorb specific ___________ of light and reflect others. The primary pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a which mainly absorbs ___ and ____ but reflects green.
Back
Card 4
Front
Chlorophyll _, _________, and __________ absorb different wavelengths of light. They are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. These and other pigments form a light __________ system.
Back
Card 5
Front
This system absorbs and harvests different wavelengths and transfers this energy to the _______ centre. Chlorophyll _ is located in this centre where photosynthesis takes place. The light harvesting system and the reaction centre are known as a __________
Back
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