PAT researchers

Nocross (1990)

application of clinical methods/interpersonal stances from psych principles to modify beahviour/cog emotions of people in directions that pp deem desirable

1 of 73

Rogers (1940)

counselling is for psychologists that are not permitted to practice PT

2 of 73

van Deurzen (1998)

PT used for anx/dep, drugs/alc/gambling/relationship breakdown/sex addiction/employment issues/greater SA

3 of 73

Attitudes to Counselling and PT Survey (2014)

35-44 yo

4 of 73

Singleton et al., (2001)

1/4 British adults per year

5 of 73

World Health Report (2001)

450mil worldwide

6 of 73

Hyman (010)

no known biol test

7 of 73

Rachman and De Silva (1978)

intrusive thoughts in OCD common in general population, content similar to obsessions

8 of 73

Judd et al., (2002)

major depressive bipolar B1 3x more common

9 of 73

Hippocrates (470-377BC)

father of modern Western medicine, mental disorders like another other bodily disease (brain pathology, head trauma, genetics) interpersonal/psych factors

10 of 73

Galen (129-198AD)

Hippocratic- Galenic Approach- Humoural Theory of disorders related to 4 humours- regulate envi to restore balance/bloodletting/induced vomiting

11 of 73

Grab (1994)

said "detain maniacs in constant seclusion...convenience than for its humanity or success"

12 of 73

Pinel (1745-1826)

unchained inmates at La Bicetre Hospital, moral guidance/humane techniques

13 of 73

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Mental hygiene movement

14 of 73

Emil Kraepelin (1956-1926)

brain pathology importance in psych disorders, system for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders- measured effects of drugs on disordered behaviour- link general paresis and syphilis treatment:lobotomy

15 of 73

Mikton and Grounds, (2007)

cultural inconsistencies- ethnicity of diagnosing physician influences diagnosis

16 of 73

Zielger and Philips (1961)

agreement among clinicians can as low as 50%

17 of 73

Rosenhan (1973)

pseudopatient study- 8 admitted hearing voices, 7/8 diag schiz in hospital stopped reporting av stay 19 days up to 73 discharge in remission- labels are sticky

18 of 73

Harris et al., (1992)

see effect of stigma and SFP- by way perceiver treated them, they took on what they were saying eg. if told they had ADHD or not

19 of 73

Bennet (2011)

alternatives to medical model must make no dichotomy between normal/disorders states, consider soc/psych factors, make idv focus, consider non-pharm interventions first

20 of 73

Dillon (2011)

dimensional approach- on continuum, mental disorders not categorically different- extremes BUT doesn't address processes causing/maintaining disorder= formulation what happened rather than whats wrong

21 of 73

Totten (2003)

every therapist works from idea of what people 'really are;' like: version of human nature

22 of 73

Freud (1856-1939)

Psychoanalysis - the interpretation of dreams (1899)

23 of 73

Anna O- Bertha Pappenheim

Patient of Josef Breuer- phys weakness/paralysis/deafness- spoke of traumas under hypnosis cured symtoms by catharsis , talk therpay

24 of 73

Helmholtz

Conservation of energy- not created/destroyed, transforms from one to other/to one object or another

25 of 73

Brucke

all living things (including humans) are energy systems

26 of 73

The Wolf Man

dream of wolves in a walnut tree

27 of 73

Popper (1959)

scientific theories should be falsifiable and have hypothesis to test

28 of 73

Breuer

absolute and exclusive formulation...psychicial need leading to excessive generalisation- his opinion of Freud

29 of 73

Eysenck and Wilson (1973)

limited sample- lots of middle class Viennese women

30 of 73

Khele (2008)

Whether the disorders are accredited by the National Institute for Health and Clinical excellence (NICE)

31 of 73

Jung (1875-1961)

Jungian therapy etc

32 of 73

Eysenck (1952)

better success without psychotherpay- 64% much improved/cured with eclectic therapy

33 of 73

Smith and Glass (1977)

av person receiving treatment is 75% better off than untreated idvs

34 of 73

Wampold (2001)

some research that there is little difference across therapies

35 of 73

Lambert and Ogles (2004)

where there are differneces, cog/behavioural approaches favoured

36 of 73

Dare et al (2001)

short term psychodynamic psychotherapy with others 33% no longer met criteria compared to 5% routine

37 of 73

Leichsenring (2001)

meta-analysis for 6 RCT comparing STPP and CBT- STPP reduction in symptoms/general psychi symptoms, improved social functioning

38 of 73

Rogers (1902-1987)

Rogers' Person-Centred Approach

39 of 73

Watson (2002)

importance of empathy recog in Rogers- research consistently shows that empathy= key determinant of client progress

40 of 73

Straumen (1989) Strauman et al., (1991)

discrepancy between who they are and who other think they should be - more vulnerable to anx/maladaptive eating

41 of 73

Perls (1893-1970)

Gestalt therapy, figure ground, drama concepts

42 of 73

Yontef and Jacobs (2014)

The only goal of gestalt therapy is awareness

43 of 73

Beisser, (1970)

paradoxical theroy of change- change when one becomes what he is not what he tries to be, authenticity and wholeness- accept all parts of us

44 of 73

Khele (2008)

HEPs lack evidence- relatively little interest from NICE

45 of 73

Rosenzweig (1936)

common rather than specific factors- the Dodo Bird conjecture isnt one therpay approach thats better than others- all as good as eachother

46 of 73

Wampold (2006)

meta analysis all therapies lead to comparable effect sizes

47 of 73

Lambert and Bergin (1994)

variation on how much was due to therapy and how much due to other factors- 85% due to unspecific factors

48 of 73

King et al (2000)

brief psych therapy 12 sessions vs gp care- PCT and CBT equally effective in reducing dep symptoms

49 of 73

Gibbard and Hanley (2008)

PCT not effective for anx/dep over 5 years- not limited to mid/mod but also mod/severe

50 of 73

Strumpfel and Goldman (2002)

Gestalt therapy as effective as cog therapy and PCT for dep and phobias

51 of 73

Pavlov (1849-1936)

classical conditioning

52 of 73

Watson (1878-1958)

animal education- the behaviour of animals and the behaviour of man must be considered on the same plane new psychology objective- only report observable behaviour

53 of 73

Watson and Raynor (1920)

Classical conditioning in little albert

54 of 73

Skinner (1904-1990)

OC "... behaviour operates on the envi to generate consequneces' probability of behaviour depends on consequences of behaviour

55 of 73

Bandura (1925-)

bobo doll- SLT observational learning and perceived self-efficacy: subjective beliefs about capability to carry out certain tasks

56 of 73

Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)

systematic desensitisation- reciprocal inhibition- old habits reduced if new habits llowed to dev in same situ in therpay- relaxation training etc, construct hierarchy

57 of 73

Abramowitx et al., (2011)

in vivo exposure- direct contact with feared stim- more recently used virtual reality, graded exposure hierarchy, continues until responses reduced

58 of 73

Kantorovich (1930)

aversive stim presented simultaneously with unwanted behaviour

59 of 73

Ayllon and Azrin (1986)

aim to modify behaviour by altering consequences, adaptive behaviours rein, maladaptive extinguished through removal of reinforcers directly or tokens

60 of 73

Ellis (1913-2007)

REBT

61 of 73

Beck (1921-)

cognitive therapy NATs rational/irrational thoughts, elegant/inelegant change goals

62 of 73

Mogg and Bradley (2002)

attentional bias to threat/angry faces in SAD find angry faces more quickly/spend more time looking at them

63 of 73

Rachman and Wilson (2008)

Improving access to psychological therapy 300mil

64 of 73

DeRubies et al., (2005)

CT as effective as anti-dep med more effective than placebo control

65 of 73

Hollon et al (2005)

episodic so LT research important CT has enduring effect- protects against symptom return

66 of 73

Kani et al., (2015)

CBT for dental phobia- following an av of 5 CBT sessions, 79% patients had dental treatment without sedation

67 of 73

Kendall et al., (1994, 1997)

'coping cat' CBT programme 9-13yo improvement in self and parent reported anxiety scores

68 of 73

Wampold (2006)

some research-little difference in effectiveness across approaches

69 of 73

Lambert and Ogles (2004)

when differences in therapies emerge we tend to favour CBT

70 of 73

Sergaty et al., (1999)

CT assumes that correct faulty thinking is what brings about clin improvement BUT some stuides indic improvement wihtout signif change in dysfunctional beliefs

71 of 73

Waller (2009)

question whether research findings in CBT generalise to real clinical practice- therapist drift may lead to decreased effectiveness

72 of 73

Shedler

departing from manuals makes CBT more effective because it incorporates aspects of other approaches

73 of 73

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PAT researchers

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