Prosidic cues in speech, and punctuation in reading
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Research methods for reading?
LDT (eg. is "?" a word), naming tasks, eye tracking, priming, and neuroimaging
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Phonological processes in reading?
Coltheart: (weak) it is inessential for word identification. Frost: (strong) it is essential for word identification
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Support for strong models?
Van Orden (1987): participants engaged in phonological processing, as they made more mistakes in "rows" a flower, than "robs" (because they sound similar)
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Support for weak models?
Hnaley and McDonnell (1997): participants could understand the meaning of words but could not pronounce the words accurately - showing the meaning is independent form phonological access. Also phonological dyslexia
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Does phonological processing always occur?
Depends on the nature of the words and the participants reading ability. Phonology is used more when accessing the meaning of low-frequency words than high-frequency words. Poorer readers are more likely to use phonology
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Automatic word processing?
Rayner (1998): people often don't fixate on words when they read suggesting that word identification is automatic. Cheesnab & Merikle (1984): stroop effect
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Word superiority effect?
Reicher (1969): Word accessed as a whole first, letter identification happens later
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Rayner et al (2006) jumbled speech study?
Letter-level and word-level processing occur in parallel
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Porblems with speech processing?
Segmentation problem: difficulty is distinguishing words from the pattern of speech due to continuous nature of speech signal. Individual differences in rate of speaking. And degraded speech due to background noise
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What helps segmentation?
Certain sounds never appear together within a syllable. Possible word constraints, eg words without vowels. Syllabic stress, eg emphasis on pats of a word
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