paper 2 psychology

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What is meant by independent groups?
Participants are placed in seperate groups and each groups does one level of the Independent variable.
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What is meant by repeated measures?
All participants participate in all levels of the independent variables. All participants complete the task and the dependent variable is compared.
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What is meant by matched pairs?
Participants are matched on key characteristics
e.g IQ or time spent watching tv etc.
Matching the participants must be relevant to the study.
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What is meant by 'nominal data' ?
It is categories of data where there is no 'intrinsic value' to the categories. such as words.
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What is meant by ordinal data?
Categories that are ranked and can be put into an order, but they have no specific numerical/ mathematical value e.g age or year group.
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What is meant by 'Interval data'?
Numbers which have equal difference between each score with no true zero. e.g fixed units of measurement. e.g temperature.
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what is meant by 'ratio' ?
Numbers which have an equal difference between each score but it has an absolute zero
e.g kgs, speed.
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What are the 5 ways of displaying data?
Bar chart
pie chart
frequency table
histogram
scatter diagram
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What is meant by the mode?
Adding all the data up and divide by the number
of data items.
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What is meant by the median?
Middle value in an ordered list.
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What is meant by the mode?
The most common data item.
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What is meant by the range?
Measure of dispersion or how spread out the data items are.
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what are the disadvantages of repeated measures?
-order of conditions may affect the performance (order/practice effect)
-By doing a second test the participants may guess the purpose of the experiment which will change their behaviour.
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what are disadvantages of independent groups?
-Researcher cannot control the effects of participant variables.
-Independent groups need more pps that repeated measures design in order to have the same amount of data.
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What are the disadvantages of matched pairs?
-Time consuming and difficult to match key variables.
-It it not possible to control all participants variables.
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What is a Quasi experiment?
It is conducted when it is not ethical to deliberately manipulate the independent variable. The Iv occurs naturally.
e.g studying children in a war zone.
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What types of observations are there?
Non participant observation
Participant observation
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What is meant by non participant observation?
The observer watches behaviour form a distance and does not participate.
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What is meant by participant observation?
The observer is part of the group being observed.
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What is meant by content analysis?
Behaviour is observed indirectly in written or verbal material such as books, diaries, tv programmes, songs and magazine.
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what is meant by a structured interview?
Has predetermined questions conducted in real time face to face or over the the phone. There is no deviation from the questions. They are standardised.
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What is meant by a semi structured interview?
Has predetermined questions conducted in real face to face or over the phone. New questions however are developed during the course of the interview as there is room for the participant to elaborate.
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What is meant by closed questions?
Have a set of pre determined answere and produce quantative data.
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What are open questions?
Invite the respondent to provide their own answers.
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What is a case study?
This is detailed study of one case e.g an individual, a class, a team etc. over a period of time
It might involve testing, observing or interviewing or observing.
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What are brain scans?
They are used to investigate the functioning of the brain by taking images.
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What is a longnitudinal study?
Is a study conducted over a long period of time. The pps could be interviewed or observed at annual intervals or even longer.
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What are cross sectional studies?
This compares one group of participants against another group.
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What is the difference between quantative and qualative data?
Quantatiatve data is numerical where as qualitative data is non numerical.
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What is internal reliability?
The extent to which a test or measure is consistent within itself e.g the use of standardised intstructions and procedure.
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What is external reliability?
The extent to which a test produces consistent results over several occasions.
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What is the split half method?
This involves splitting the pps test answers in half and seeing whether she/he got the same or
similar scores on the two halves. If so, internal reliability is high, if not it is low.
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What is the test retest method?
Involves testing and retesting the same participants over time. with the same test and comparing their scores. If the scores are the same then there is external reliability.
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What is inter rater reliability?
Where two or more psychologists produce consistent results by using a standardised procedure, agree coding system or correlation of their date.
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What is validity?
Whether the findings and findings paint a true picture of behaviour and whether the study is measuring what it claims to measure.
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What is internal reliability?
The findings are accurate and the effects of the
Dv are caused by the Iv. Therefore the study measures what it intends to measure.
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What is meant by external reliability?
Whether the study paints a true picture of real behaviours and whether the findings would apply to different places, different times or different people.
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What is researcher bias?
Where the researcher either directly or indirectly influences the results of a study through the process of designed the study or how the way of research is conducted/analysed.
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what are demand characteristics?
A type of confounding variable where participants unconciously work out the aim and act
differently .
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What is face validity?
Whether the test measures what it claims to and hence is subjective.
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what is content validity?
this objectively checks the method of measuring behaviour is accurate and decides whether it is a fair test that achieves the aims of the study.
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what are the sampling types?
self-selecting
opportunity
quota
random
stratified
sampling
systematic
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What is self selecting sampling?
Where the participants volunteers to be apart of the study by finding out from a newspaper, notice board or the internet.
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What is oppurtunity sampling?
When the researcher recruits those who are most available and most conveniant at the time.
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What is quota sampling?
The selection of participants is done non
randomly but done to fill up the required amount
needed.
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What is random sampling?
The participants are selected by randomisation and all ave equal chance of being picked.
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What is stratified sampling?
PPs are taken from each sub group. depending on age or gender for the sample.
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What is systematic sampling?
Predetermined system to select participants such as picking every fifth time on a register.
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What is snowball sampling?
A few people taking part and then asking other pps to join the study.
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What are the disadvantages of self selecting sampling?
Volunteer biased. The volunteer is more likely to be highly motivated and to be helpful during the study.
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What are the advantages of self selecting sampling?
It gives access to a variety of pps which may make the sample more representative and less biased.
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What is a disadvantage of oppurtunity sampling?
It is biased because the sample is pulled from a very small part of the population.
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What is an advantage of oppurtunity sampling?
It takes less time to locate the sample meaning it is easier and you can use the first suitable pps that you find.
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What are the disadvantages on quota sampling?
It is time consuming having to identify the sub groups.
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What are the advantages of quota sampling?
It is representable and proportional.
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What is a disadvantage of random sampling?
It is time consuming as all the participants need to be selected individually.
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What are the advantages of random sampling?
It is unbiased and all member has an equal chance of selection.
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What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?
It can be time consuming as all participants again need to be contacted individually.
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What are the advantages of stratified sampling?
It is representable and therefore proportional of the sub groups.
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What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?
Not truly random, unless the number is also chosen at random.
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What are the advantages of systematic sampling?
Unbiased as it is selected by a system.
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What is a disadvantage of the snowball effect?
slow and complex unlike self selecting.
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what are the advantages of the snowball effect?
Allows pps who are difficult to access to be apart of the study.
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What is an alternative/experimental hypothesis?
A testable statement that a piece or research attempts to support or reject.
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What is a directional hypothesis?
A directional hypothesis predicts that the IV will affect the DV in one specific direction.
It allows for only one outcome.
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What is a non directional hypothesis?
a non directional hypothesis predicts the IV will affect the DV, but does not state a specific direction for the results. It allows for more than one outcome.
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What is a null hypothesis?
The null suggests there will be no casual relationship between the IV and the DV, any relationship in the results is due to chance, rather than due to the IV.
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What is the independent variable?
The IV is the variable is the variable the pyschologist manipulates and controls to see how it affects the behaviour.
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What is the dependent variable?
The DV is the variable which is measured which is effected by the IV
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What is meant by operationalisation?
Giving a precise definition of the behaviour being manipulated/observed. Both IV and DV should be operationalised. This allows for repetition and raises reliability as it is an agreed value has been attributed to the measurements.
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What does it mean by co variables?
The two variables that may or may not change with each other.
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What does it mean by extraneous variables?
These are variables in a study that are not being measured or manipulated by the researcher but affects the results of ALL participants behaviour equally.
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What are confounding variables?
They are things in a study other than the IV which might affect some participants behaviours. If possible they need to be controlled before an investigation gets under way to make a fair test and to maximise reliability.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is meant by repeated measures?

Back

All participants participate in all levels of the independent variables. All participants complete the task and the dependent variable is compared.

Card 3

Front

What is meant by matched pairs?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is meant by 'nominal data' ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is meant by ordinal data?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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