OCR F322: definitions

?
Hydrocarbon
An organic compound that contains only Carbons and Hydrogen's
1 of 65
Saturated Hydrocarbon
A Hydrocarbon with single bonds only
2 of 65
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
3 of 65
Homologous series
Is an organic series with the same functional group but with each member differing by CH2
4 of 65
Functional Group
Is part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties
5 of 65
Alkane
The homologous series without double bonds and the general formula CnH2n+2
6 of 65
Alkene
The homologous series with a double bond and the general formula CnH2n
7 of 65
Displayed formula
Shows the relative positions of all atoms in a molecule with bonds between them
8 of 65
Structural formula
Shows minimal detail of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
9 of 65
Skeletal Formula
Formula with hydrogen's removed and only the bonds between carbon atoms show, not the atoms themselves.
10 of 65
Structural Isomers
Isomers with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
11 of 65
Positional isomerism
A type of structural isomerism. When a functional group is on a different numbered carbon,
12 of 65
Chain isomerism
A type of structural isomerism. When branches occur in a chain.
13 of 65
Stereo isomers
Isomers with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space around a double bond.
14 of 65
E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism. Double bond stops rotation and different groups on the carbons of this double bond
15 of 65
Homolytic Fission
When a covalent bond breaks giving an electron to each atom creating 2 radicals.
16 of 65
Hetrolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks and give both electrons to 1 atom forming 1 positive and 1 negative ion.
17 of 65
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
18 of 65
Nucleophile
(nucleus loving) An electron pair Donator.
19 of 65
Electrophile
(electron loving) an electron pair Acceptor
20 of 65
Addition reaction
When a species ADDS to another species. Requires a double bond
21 of 65
Addition reaction
When a species REPLACES another species in a reaction.
22 of 65
Substitution reaction
When a molecule is REMOVED from another molecule forming a double bond
23 of 65
Elimination reaction
When a nucleophile replaces a halogen.
24 of 65
Nucleophile substitution
When a halogen replaces a H in a reaction. 3 steps I,P,T
25 of 65
Free radical Substitution
When a species ADDS across a double bond.
26 of 65
Electrophilic Addition
When crude oil is split into its components by their boiling points
27 of 65
Cracking
When a long chain alkane are split into a shorter alkane and an alkene
28 of 65
Combustion
When a compound is burnt completely in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
29 of 65
Incomplete combustion
When a compound is burnt in oxygen to form carbon, or carbon monoxide, and water.
30 of 65
Pi bond
Formed by the sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals - always use diagram.
31 of 65
Polymer
Long chain of monomers
32 of 65
Monomer
Small monomer, usually a alkene, used to build up a polymer
33 of 65
Oxidation
When oxygen is added to a molecule
34 of 65
Oxidising agent
Acidified potassium dichromate
35 of 65
Reflux
Used to make primary alcohols into carboxylic acids or secondary into ketones
36 of 65
Distillation
Used to make primary alcohols into aldehydes or secondary into ketones.
37 of 65
Ester
Formed when an alcohol and carboxylic acid react. -(C=O)-O-(CH2)-
38 of 65
Percentage yield
Found by moles product/moles of reactant x100.
39 of 65
Atom economy
Mr of desired product/Mr of all products x100
40 of 65
IR spectra
Shows the absorption of IR radiation by bonds to show what bonds are present in a sample
41 of 65
Mass spec
Shows the mass/charge for fragments of a molecule
42 of 65
MS fragment
A piece of the molecule broke in MS. Allows us to piece together the starting molecule.
43 of 65
Enthalpy, H
The heat energy stored in a chemical system
44 of 65
Exothermic
When the enthalpy is smaller at then end of a reaction than at the beginning. Resulting in heat loss. Deltah -ve.
45 of 65
Endothermic
When the enthalpy is greater at then end of a reaction than at the beginning. Resulting in heat being taken in. Deltah +ve.
46 of 65
Activation energy
Minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
47 of 65
Enthalpy profile diagram
Shows the enthalpy of the reactants and products along with the activation energy and enthalpy change.
48 of 65
Standard conditions
Pressure of 100kpa and Temperature of 298K. In solution concentration of 1M.
49 of 65
Standard state
The state we find a substance in under standard conditions.
50 of 65
Standard enthalpy change of reaction
Is the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction of 1 mol of reactants under standard conditions and in standard states
51 of 65
Standard enthalpy change of combustion
Is the enthalpy change when one mol of reactant is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions
52 of 65
Standard enthalpy change of formation
Is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of product is formed from its constituent elements in standard states under standard conditions.
53 of 65
Specific heat capacity, C
Energy required to heat 1g of substance by 1K.
54 of 65
Bond enthalpy
Is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of given bonds is broken by homolytic fission in a gaseous state.
55 of 65
Hess' Law
"if a reaction can take place by more than 1 route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route."
56 of 65
Rate of reaction
The change in concentration of a reactant or product in a given time.
57 of 65
Catalyst
A species than lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternate route but is not used itself.
58 of 65
Boltzmann distribution
Is the distribution of energies of molecules within a sample at a given temperature.
59 of 65
Dynamic equilibrium
An equilibrium in a closed system where the rate of forward reaction equals that of the reverse reaction leaving constant concentrations of products and reactants.
60 of 65
Le chatelier's principle
When a change is imposed on a system in dynamic equilibrium the position of the equilibrium will change to minimise the change.
61 of 65
Greenhouse effect
The process by which absorption and subsequent emission of ir radiation by atmospheric gasses warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface
62 of 65
Troposphere
Lowest layer of earths atmosphere surface to between 7km & 20km
63 of 65
Stratosphere
Second layer of atmosphere contains ozone layer. From troposphere to ~50km
64 of 65
Adsorption
Process by which a gas, liquid or solute is held to a solid surface - such as in a catalytic convertor.
65 of 65

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A Hydrocarbon with single bonds only

Back

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Is an organic series with the same functional group but with each member differing by CH2

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Is part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Chemistry resources:

See all Chemistry resources »See all definitions resources »