A principle methology used to contrast against experientation
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What is pro-social behaviour?
A way to help other people
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What can observation be?
a technique within another technique or a primary technique
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An example of observation
The Milgram study as it is an experiment which uses observation as a concurrent approach. Participants were video recorded and he would look through the recordings afterwards
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What is a primary technique?
Studies that are observations only
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Weaknesses within observation
The profound weakness whithin observation when ou are gathering psychological data, this is because there is no way of knowing for certain what is causing people's bahaviours. No cause and effect.
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What can you be confident in?
You can be statistically confident in your IV's, however you lose control.
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Positive of observations
Observe genuine bahaviour and reality from the real world which is of high ecological vadility.
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Types of observational approaches
1. Natural vs Laboratory – based observation. 2. Participant vs non-participant observation 3. Disclosed ps vs. undisclosed ps observation 4. Structured vs Unstructured observation
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Where do most observations occur?
In the real world; they are natural.
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What is non-participant observation?
Non-participant is where you use equipment to observe or observe from a distance.
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what is participant observation?
When the observer is present
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What are the benefits of participant observation?
If the obsrver is present they can pick up on verbal behaviour and hear what participants are saying.
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What is an example of disclosed observation?
Another teacher observing a lesson
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What is structured observation?
Structured observation is when you agree what you are looking at, only look at those variables and everything else is ignored
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What are the sampling devices?
1. Time sampling 2. Event sampling 3. Point sampling
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Time sampling
Time sampling is when you observe at particular times, all other times are ignored.
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Event Sampling
Event sampling is where you only record specific events and not others.
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Point Sampling
Point sampling is where you restrict observation to a certain area and ignore everywhere else.
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Weaknesses of Sampling devices
Misses a lot of information as you only observe and record what has been previously agreed upon. They are also very rigid and run the risk of missing a lot.
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Why are sampling devices used?
They are of high ecological validity. Also if you restrict people to focusing on certain things it allows for a high focus on partiular factors. Also if there is more than one obsrver looking at te same thing it is more reliable.
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What is the solution for more than one person observing?
Correlation.
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What is the inter-rate ability for correlation?
Threshold of r=0.750
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What is the aim of participant observation?
It is an attempt to cut down the number of misenterpritations that can rise from structured observations
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Which type of observation reintroduces richness
Participant observation because the observer is close to the action meaning they can pick up language etc.
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Disadvantage of participant observation
It can sometimes become more like interaction (interview) than an observation; this promotes reactivity effects e.g. they react to the presence of a third party that has joined the group.
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What does every observation approach have?
its difficulties
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What happens within an undisclosed participation?
The researcher is present in th group but they do ot expose who they are
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What can you receive during undisclosed observation?
You can recieve disclosures that you didn't want to hear e.g. legal or personal and you are bound by legislations.
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What do all participants partaking in psychological research have?
They have the right to a Veto; this is the ability to ask for information or results of a study to be removed if they would like it to be for whatever reason. However they have to do this before it goes to the press because then it is no longer the e
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Disadvantages of undisclosed participant observation?
The observer can unwittilgly become comprimised and their objectivity become more clouded the longer they are in the group. It is also very hard to record and make notes of what is going on as you cannot do this around the group. You many have to wai
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