Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
Organic nitrogeneous base
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What are the three single ring nitrogenous bases and the two double ring nitrogenous bases
Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
Adenine, Guanine
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What does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
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What are the two functions of DNA
carries genetic code for protein synthesis
Replicates in dividing cells
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What shape is DNA
two polynucleotide strands twisted into double helix, parallel
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What do DNA nucleotides contain
pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
one of four bases: adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
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What does a 5 prime end and a 3 prime end mean in a nucleotide
Within each strand nucleotides are held together by bonds between phosphate group attatched to 5th carbon on one pentose sugar and the 3rd carbon on another.
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What do the two sugar phosphate backbones protect
the genetic information stored within the seauence of bases that face each other within the double helix according to the complementary base pair rule
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What are the bases held together by
hydrogen bonds
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What does guanine pair with and what does adenine pair with
Cytosine
Thymine
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What does RNA stand for
ribonucleic acid
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Where is RNA found and what shape is it
Mainly in cytoplasm but can be in nucleus
Single stranded polynucleotide
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What does RNA consist of
different pentose sugar (ribose)
one of four bases: adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil
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What is RNA involved in
protein synthesis
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What is the first type of RNA: Mrna's role in protein synthesis
Single stranded molecule that carries genetic code for specific protein from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
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What is the second type of RNA: Trna's role in protein synthesis
This transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome
Single RNA strand forms cloverleaf shape held together by hydrogen bonds between certain base pairs
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What is the third type of RNA: Rrna's role in protein synthesis
This along a protein forms a large complex molecule (ribosome)
Ribosomes translate the genetic code and join amino acids together forming polypeptides
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What is the stage of protein synthesis: transcription
Occurs in nucleus
DNA read by enzymes and used to make single stranded MRNA molecule
This leaves nucleus via nuclear pore + travels to ribosome in cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What is the stage of protein synthesis: Translation
occurs at ribosome
MRNA attatches to ribosome and TRNA molecule brings specific amino acid
Ribosomal enzymes catalyse peptide bond formation between adjacent amino acids to form new polypeptides primary structure
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What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Nucleotide in all living organisms
energy currency
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What does ATP contain
three phosphate groups
ribose sugar
adenine
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What is ATP involved in
energy changes
carrying energy to where its needed
releasing energy when ATP is broken down
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Why is ATP called the universal energy currency
Provides energy for many metabolic reactions in all living organisms
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What are some uses of ATP
muscles contraction
metabolic processes
active transport
nerve impulse transmission
bulk transport
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How is ATP formed
enzymes ATP synthase combines ADP and P (inorganic phosphate) in condensation reaction
Requires input of energy (30.6kjmol-1) in endergonic reaction
addition of this phosphate to ADP = phosphorylation
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How is ATP hydrolised
Enzyme ATPase hydrolyses terminal phosphate bond releasing small packet of energy (30.6kjmol-1
) in exergonic reaction
Forms ADP and P
reversible
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What three components make up a nucleotide
Back
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
Organic nitrogeneous base
Card 3
Front
What are the three single ring nitrogenous bases and the two double ring nitrogenous bases
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