Nicotine researchers

?
  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 25-04-17 11:12
Donny and Dierker (2007) ..
only 60% of current smokers meet the DSM criteria for nicotine dependence
1 of 34
Hyland (2005)
at least 10% of current smokers are chippers (long term, low rate smokers) only 30% become addicted
2 of 34
Levin et al., (2003)
adolescent rats worked harder for nicotine and took a larger amount of nicotine than adults- adolescents are vulnerable to nicotine addiction
3 of 34
Gourlay and Benowitz (1997)
6 male smokers after smoking usual brand of cigarettes for 10mins, arterial nicotine rose more rapidly and reached a higher peak
4 of 34
Tyndale and Sellers (2001)
due to genetic variation some people have low CYP2A6 activity which reducing nicotine metabolism- less likely to become totally dependent on it
5 of 34
Hughes et al., (2007)
tobacco withdrawal and anxiety- anxiety score peaks in abstinence- C: enhancement of withdrawal related aversive emotional state could be one reason why people continue smoking
6 of 34
Jacobsen et al., (2005)
n back task- measured sustained attention and working memory, smokers poorer cog performance, consistent with pre-existing cognitive deficit, abstinence produced some cognitive impairment, C: enhancement of withdrawal related cog deficit is one...
7 of 34
cont
...reason why people continue smoking, still not as a good as non-smokers, either already had a problem to enhance or damage as a result of smoking
8 of 34
Foulds (1997)
if high dose given to non-smokers shown severe effects not seen in smokers e.g. palpitations
9 of 34
Domino (2001)
nicotine increases locomotor activation
10 of 34
Wang (2008) Wu (2006)
12 month sustained abstinence success rate is 2% with placebo and 5% with NRT or buproprion
11 of 34
Piccioto et al., (1997)
rat given nicotine show task improvement- sustained attention and WM. Mutant mice strain lack B2 receptor subunit- wildtype enhanced retention in one trial avoidance task when given low dose of nic after learning, no effect on B2 receptor knockout...
12 of 34
cont
...sinc B@ often found with A4- B2 is critical for memory-enhancing effects of nicotine
13 of 34
Panksepp and Trowill (1967)
unlike natural reward, brain stimulation reward behaviour does not require deprivation
14 of 34
Routtenberg and Lindy (1965)
can displace other rewards, rats choosing BSR over good to the point of starvation
15 of 34
Hildebrand et al., (1999)
brain reward function decreased during withdrawal. Injections of mecamylamine into VTA of nic dep rats reduce DA release in NAC and causes withdrawal
16 of 34
David (2006)
rats self administered nicotine directly into VTA, nicotine self-admin could be abolished by anta activity at dopamine SCH 23390 or ACh DHBC receptors- C: nic via ACh receptors increases activity in DA cells in VTA, mediates addictive properties nic
17 of 34
Robinson and Berridge (1993)
distinction between wanting and liking- addicts will often report wanting drugs without experiencing much pleasure for them
18 of 34
Shiffman (1996)
prediction of rein model is through assoc learning, drugs assoc cued and content acquire capacity to motivate drug seeking/taking behaviour. Smokers who had just quit recorded where they relapsed. 100% lapses when cigs available and smoking allowed..
19 of 34
cont
...data suggest situational cues for drug availability/acceptability play a critical role in maintaining drug use
20 of 34
Hughes et al., (1991)
abstinence syndrome within one week of cessation, apar fro hunger and weight gain most symptoms were on or near baseline at 4 weeks restless, irrit, anx, concn issues
21 of 34
Tiffany (1990)
cognitive model of drug use- relationship between desire of cig and smoking behaviour, if intentional would be a perfect correlation, sometimes behaviour controlled automatically by external drug related cues like s-r habits, frontal engagement ...
22 of 34
cont
...issues, switch between intentional and automatic modes of behavioural control
23 of 34
Dickinson (1985)
devaluation- demonstrates transition from intentional control to behavioural autonomy with practice, rats trained to lever press response for food pellets, then give opp in sep envi to food to satiation to reduce value, press lever for food in ...
24 of 34
cont
...extinction no more food delivered, devaluation- rats reduced lever pressing, behaviour contorl by represented of current value of outcome- rat has knowledge of consequences of its behaviour , extensive training lever pressing became insensitive ..
25 of 34
cont
...to deval, suggesting that behaviour had come under control of s-R habit/automatic
26 of 34
Dickinson (2002)
habit learning quicker for drug vs natural reward, rat one lever sucrose another alcohol, one reward devalued by LiCl, rats opp to press two levers in extinction, if these two actions are now controlled by expection of new low value, rats should ...
27 of 34
cont
...reduce lever pressing for the devalued. Where pressing for sucrose decreased, alc pressing didnt, alc had come under control of habit, without engaging an expectation of consequences of behaviour
28 of 34
Robinson and Berridge (2003)
incentive salience- elaboration of habit theory- CC, drug cues acquire capacity to capture attention, thought about drug and drug use, drug users initiate drug seeking/taking, delay when word content is distracting Stroop and Dot probe emotional...
29 of 34
cont
...variation linked to their addiction. Dot probe- ID position of dot manip ability to do depending on where durg cues have been recently
30 of 34
Dickinson (1987)
pavlovian stimuli only elicit CRs if they activate a representation or expectation of the outcome- expectancy theory
31 of 34
Lovibond and Shanks (2002)
evidence for both human conditioning in general
32 of 34
Hogarth et al., (2006)
also evidence for drug conditioning- assoc learning for nicotine using cues that have not already been assoc, seeing table/smoke having craving. Study give cue with no assoc and train to crave win lose 1/4 cig, most close link to expectancy was ...
33 of 34
cont
...getting something at end of exp, if aware of contingencies more likely to be motivated to expect drug
34 of 34

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Hyland (2005)

Back

at least 10% of current smokers are chippers (long term, low rate smokers) only 30% become addicted

Card 3

Front

Levin et al., (2003)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Gourlay and Benowitz (1997)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Tyndale and Sellers (2001)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Researchers into nicotine and addiction in the brain resources »