BIO: psychopathology part 2

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what are subsyndromal disorders?
loss, grievance and anxiety
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how many people with mental illnesses seek treatment?
40%, men less so than women
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what are the psychodynamic approaches therapy?
transference, interpersonal therapy,
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what is transference? how many sessions per week?
Transference describes a situation where the feelings, desires, and expectations of one person are redirected and applied to another person i.e a therapist, 3 sessions per week
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what is interpersonal therapy? how many sessions?
focuses on conflict with another person, life changes that affect the self and interaction, greif and loss, difficult in starting/ maintaining relationships, 12-16 sessions and structured
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what are humanist approach therapies? who was it by? explain.
client centred therapy, by carl rogers, non directive approach encourages people to take responsbiliy and live in the present, accept themselves and solve their problems
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what are the methods used in client centred therapy? what are the factors fro successful therapy?
methods include active listening, reflecting back and challenge. Factors for successful therapy include: empathetic understanding, unconditional positive regard and genuineness
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how do behavioural therapies use classical conditioning to treat phobias?
negative event (US) lead to fear (UR), object cue linked to event (CS) which leads to fear (CR) -- work to break connection between phobic stimuli and associated fears and create a new one using relaxation response
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what is exposure therapy and what is in vivo therapy?
exposure = real life exposure to phobic stimulus, in vivo = extend exposure to virtual world
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what are examples of operant conditioning?
token economy, contingency management and modelling
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what is contingency management?
certain behaviours are reliably followed by well defined consequences
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what is modelling?
learn new skills/behjaviour patterns by imitating another person
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what is the aim of cognitive behavioural therapies?
seek to change maladaptive beliefs and modes of thinking, most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, also used to treat OCD, panic disorder, insomnia and substance abuse
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what is the ABC model?
activating event (A) leads to a belief and then a consequence (C)
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what is the ABCDE model used for therapy?
Dispute these irrational beliefs (D) and substitute them with more effective beliefs (E).
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who invented cognitive behaviour therapy? (CBT) what is it? how many sessions?
Beck - Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress., 5-20 highly structured sessions
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name some group based interventions?
shared problem groups, therapy group and couples and family therapy
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what are pharmacological treatments? e.g?
treat manifestations and aid understanding of mental disorders. Psychotropic drugs - antipsychotics, antidepressants and anti anxiety meds
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what are nonpharmalogical treatments?
psychosurgery, ECT, brain stimulation
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examples of classic antipsychotic drugs? what do they treat? how?
Thorazine, Haldol, Stelazine - reduce major positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations and delusions) by blocking dopamine receptors.
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what are the newer medications for schizophrenia called? what do they target?
atypical anti-psychotics, treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia, have selective effect on dopamine and serotonin transmission
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what are examples of anti-depressants? what do they target? what can they also be used for?
SSRIs. act minimally on norepinephrine and dopamine, maximally on serotonin, ... also used for eating disorders and anxiety
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what are the side effects of SSRIs?
agitated or nervous, sickness, indigestion, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and weight loss, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, sweating, sleeping problems, low sex drive
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what are atypical anti deoressants? less or more side affects than SSRIs? what else can they treat?
work in various ways on serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine systems. less side affects, used to treat ADHD and nicotine craving
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what are anxiolytics? examples? how do they work?
valium, xanax, klonopin work by increasing transmission of GABA neurotransmitter at synapses... beta blockers control autonomic arousal... benzodiazepines reduces uncomfortable feelings w/anxiety
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problems with pharmacological treatment?
don't kick in immediately, side effects, relapse, overprescribed
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what is psychosurgery? examples? when?
prefrontal lobotomy in 1940s/50s... alter thinking/ behaviour by removing/disconnecting brain areas from each other,
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what is electroconvulsive therapy? (ECT) what does it treat?
moderate current passed between 2 electrodes attached to the patients' head to induce convulsive seizure... used originally for schizophrenia but mow depression, acute mania etc
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benefits of ECT? Disadvs?
benefits are it acts quicker than antidepressant medications, disadvs are its controversial
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what is brain stimulation? advs?
applying rapid pulses of magnetic stimulation to the brain from a coil held near the scalp, advs is less side effects
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what is the disadvs of outcome research of treatments? how can these effects be controlled?
there may be spontaneous improvement between pre and post group and fluctuation in symptom severity... these can be controlled by group comparison, randomised assignment and matched pps
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what is the dodo verdict?
different forms of therapy can be equally effective
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Card 2

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how many people with mental illnesses seek treatment?

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40%, men less so than women

Card 3

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what are the psychodynamic approaches therapy?

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Card 4

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what is transference? how many sessions per week?

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Card 5

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what is interpersonal therapy? how many sessions?

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