Moral argument

This can be used for any exam board as I believe it's surplus information for most. 

Can be useful for 'argumentative' style questions (ex. Part 'B's in OCR AS Philosophy of Religion)

As always, please let me know of any typos! ^_^ 

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1. Moral arguments come in different forms, but they share a number of principles. Which of the following is not a shared principle?

  • Morality is directly sourced from a divine governor who dictates human behaviour from within Himself
  • The vast majority of people have some experience of morality; most people feel there are certain ways they should behave
  • Most people have broadly similar understanding of what is right and wrong, even accounting for cultural differences e.g. truth and honesty are always valued
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2. Philosophers have suggested three possible explanations for these similarities. One of these explanations is not...

  • Morality stems from the demands placed upon the human animal by societies; rules meet the needs of a particular situation and facilitate human development in that particular context - this view explains morality without reference to God and it also suggests moral laws are not fixed and can be changed when neccessary
  • Morality is formed by each individual by a mixed process of subjective and objective evaluation of what is moral
  • Morality stems from an objective appraisal of the world which reveals that there are certain goods and values to be aimed for and upheld; this leads us to endorse some actions as good and others as bad
  • Morality stems from God either through our conscience or an objective set of rules that God has built into us

3. Some question whether summum bonum is possible and hence that God is made possible. Who argues that Kant moved from logical possibility to presumption of actuality? This philosophers holds that there is a contradiction in Kant's argument over summum bonum

  • Melanie Basset
  • Brian Davies
  • Russell Brand
  • John Hick
  • Bertrand Russell

4. Out implies can is false. This criticism argues it is an assumption that just because summum bonum is required, it is ultimately achievable. However, it could make sense to aim towards something even if it is not ultimately achievable.

  • True
  • False

5. Which philosopher argues the previous point through the analogy of a not-able child learning French? This thinker holds that while fluency may not be attainable, it could still be a worthwhile pursuit.

  • Bertrand Russell
  • Melanie Basset
  • Brian Davies
  • John Hick
  • Russell Brand
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