Moore's model and Persecution Essay questions

PERSECUTION IN GENERAL

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Has there been a focus on persecution by historians?

Little assumption has been paid to persecution as a general phenomenon before the 21st C

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What is the stereotypical assumption about where persecution features?

Prosecution seen as a feature of barbarous societies which civilisation leaves behind

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What has come to be accepted about the persecution and the medieval church?

It has become accepted it is natural the medieval chuch should seek to suppress religious dissent by force,

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What event did historian Brooke write about?

Third Lateran council of 1179

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He stated there was finally this strong doctrine against the heretics, which shows what about the attitude of the church?

Shows how much the growth of heresy, especially in South of France, 'was at least beginning to disturb the rulers of the church'

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The words 'at last' differs from what type of historians of the 19th and 20th C and give two historians?

-Liberal historians, -19th and 20th C

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Why does Brooke differ from liberal historians based on persecution?

-Contradicts their statements persecution was a leading characteristic of medieval society

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What fuelled emotions in the 19th C for such a conclusion?

Fuelled by revolution and struggles between the legitimacy and liberty, church and state

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However, what does More state about what this association of th persecuting mentaloty with religious conviction has prevented us from doing?

Prevented us from giving due consideration to some of the profoundest changes

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What two historians forwardeda newer approach to persecution?

-Southern, -Hamilton

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Waht did Southern state about mob mentality and the persecuting mentality?

'Those in church had limited powers of initiative, but their attitudes were shaped by society which regarded persecution as normal'

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What did Hamilton state about what the medieval inquisition substituted to persecute heresy?

Medieval inquisition substituted the rule of law for mob violence in persecuting heresy,

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However what did More state about how 'normal' religiou persecution was?

Unlike SOutherns statement, religious persecution had been familiar in the Roman Empire, but faded with the EMpire- Didn't reappear until 11th C so not normal,

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MOORE's OVERALL ARGUMENT

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What type of elite became newly prominent in institutions of what?

-Clerical bureaucratic elite, -Increasingly centralised government

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They sought mechanisms for what purpose due to growing concerns over what?

-Protect and enhance power and authority, -Growing concerns ovr social control

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What previous conclusions does Moore reverse regarding the causes for persecution origins?

Causes for persecuting origins found in the persecutors rather than the persecuted,

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What assumption does he reject about persecution?

Rejects assumption of persecution down to meideval barbarism

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How did the Catholic CHurch created a coherent definition of 'Orthodox;'?

By defining itself against the other- Anything not within this definition of Orthodox was declared heretical and subsided as other,

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Medieval institutions began persecuting heretics, JEws lepers an others, all elided into what for the common end of what?

Elided into a single imagined class of the marginalised for the common end of political and social power,

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MOORE- KEY POINTS

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What three key points does More emphasise?

1) Development of the Church, 2) Orthodoxy v Non-Otthodoxy, 3) Political aims of 'Princes and prelates'

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For the development of the church, what was the church pre-1000?

The church wa far from centralised or a well-defined power it became

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At the turn of the century, the Catholic CHurch developed from being not one but two institutions- which were?

-Catholic church became not just a religious institution but a political institution,

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The Church, becoming more coherent and powerful, allowed it to have what?

A greater ifnluence in temporal matters

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Likewise, what historians agrees, portraying a portrait of the church in the process of what?

-Cameron, -Process of rigid institutionalisation,

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What aspect of the church was radically centralised?

The government of the church

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The aggrandisement of roman papacy in many ways mirrored what?

Secular politics

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Who did the 'papal monarchy' resemble and how?

-Secular counter parts, -Conduct, outlook and objects,

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The growth of what and pursuit of what constituted the development of Europe into a persecuting society?

-Growth of secular power and pursuit of secular interests,

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The role of what group within the church was key to this development and why?

-Literati, -Protection of their interests as holders of the 'true knowledge' on which their status depended, against holders of rival knowledge,

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Through persecution, what did they achieve and consolidate?

Through persecution, thye legitimised their onw authority and consolidated their power,

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For orthodox v Non-orthodox, who became targets of persecution? Did they have a history prior to this?

-Minorities, -Minorities had a history prior to this persecution,

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How does the Church define what ORthodox is?

By defining what Orthodox isn't, which was subsided as the other

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In defining themselves as the Orthodox, what does this allow them to do?

They can persecute

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What did A.Cameron state about the definition of central Orthodoxy allows what to be defined?

If central Orthodoxy, the dominant ideology, is capable of being formulated, it allows heresy to be defined,

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What did it lead to in medieval society?

Homogenisation

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The leaders of society created what image of these minority groups?

Created a uniform image of these minority groups that transformed into one unified enemy of society that needed to be suppressed

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For political aims of 'princes and prelates', what happened to the economy around 1100?

Economy became increasingly monetised with rising prosperity

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What did this allow groups outside the traditional power structure, such as who, to do?

It allowed these outside groups, sich as merchants, to become very rich and powerful based on their wealth

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What was the danger of moeny in the wrong hands first for society and then for feual bonds?

-Produce social dislocation, -Outright dissolution of traditional feudal bonds that tie common people to their lords,

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How do Lords react to hold onto control an leadership of society?

Ferociously

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A 'persecuting society' came into being to promote what for leaders?

To promote the interests of the leaders of society, both lay and clerical, and has remained in place,

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Moore's statement, persecution began as a competition for what?

Political influence

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Persecution was turned by the victors into what instrument?

An insturment for consolidating their power over society at large

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CRITICISM OF MOORE

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What does Lerner criticise about Moore?

His moncausalism

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WHo criticises Moore for neglect of gender and what else?

-Rubin, -Broad brush strokes

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WHo criticises Moore about sources?

-Murray, -Seelctive use of secondary sources,

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OVerall, why is Moores theory difficult to credit due to grouping all bureaucrats?

Hard to credit so much conscious intention, pr even inconscious impulse to a class of bureaucrats that in reality was so varied and cannot have acted in a single way,

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MUSLIMS IN MEDITERRANEAN

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What is the idea of convivencia?

Refers to co-existence of Christian, Muslim and Jewish communities in medieval Islamic Spain

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Th Mediteranean area ha three major ecumenical spheres- What were they?

-Islam, Latin Christendom and Byzantine Christendom

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How did these three sphere exist?

AS minority communities under the rule of rival ecumenical groups

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How did these groups interact?

They rubbed against one another and overlapped, -Zone of profound and remarkable interpenetration of these groups,

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This was not just cohabitation, but one where members of distinct ethno-religious groups were what?

Interconnected and interdependent economically, politically, intellectually, culturally and at times sociallu

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Preceding studies have interepreted the 150 year period under Christians as what?

A continuation from Muslim tnes, minimalising the effects of Latin Christian domination

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What did Castro state about Islamic influence on new Christian rulers?

It had a positive effect- THe cultural imprint left by Muslims was ambivalent as it was deep

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What did Baxter state about Christian views of Islamic culture even while what/

Remained in awe of superior Islamic and Jewish cultures even while subjecting Muslims and JEws to their dominion,

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Deabte has revolved around the degree to which what?

The Christian conquest represented a catalysmic rupture with pre-conquest Islamic past,

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SPAIN

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HISTORY

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What five Spanish states forwarded the conquest of Spain?

Aragon, Catalonia, Castile, Leon and Navarre

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Why did they believe they should take these lands?

They believed it ws their right to 'retake' these lands the Muslims had taken in the 8th C from the visigoths, who they believed to be descendants of

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When did their chance open and why?

-1031- The caliphate of cordoba which was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty collapsed and once unified Muslim Spain shattered into many small rival Kingdoms called Ta'ifas,

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How did Christians use this collapse?

Christians took advantage of the Ta'ifa disunity to gradually seize Muslim territories,

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EXAMPLES

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WHy is the conquest of Spain interesting based on Spanish experience and national memory?

It combines two strands of medieval Spanish expeirnece that competes for primary in national memory,: Tolerance and Conquest

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For the argument of tolerance, how was King ALfonso styled by his successors?

'Emperor of three religions'

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However, what promise did he break to the Muslims and how?

Promse given to enter Toledo without a battle which allowed Muslims to keep their main Friday mosque, -Instead converted to a Cathedral,

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Who was the Archbishop of Toledo who forced this conversion?

Bernard of Sedirac

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What position was he given by Pope Gregory?

First primate of the entire Iberian peninsula

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What was the Archbishop charged with imposing?

A Latin, Catholic Orthodox faith on this largely Muslim community

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What did this imposition included onto the Spanish iberia?

-Included tribute from the Spanish church, -Replace Mozarabic with Roman liturgy

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How did the beginnings of new convivencia look for Mozaabs?

Not rosy, much less for Muslims

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How ere MUslims treated as citizens

They possessed fewer rights and paid higher taxes than Christians

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Did all religious faiths live togethr?

Communities had seperated residential areas, but the market squar,e Plaza Zocodover, served as principl place for mundane social intermingling

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OVerall, what was the treatment of muslims like, in comparis on to previous Islamic rulers?

This interconfessional civility was remarkable, a rare Christian mirror of what had long been the practice in the more tolerant lands of slam

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2- COnquest- Yet what was also occuring against Muslim rulers in South Iberia?

Permanent war

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Who did ALfonso leave his entire Kingdom to and why?

-Knights templars and other warrior orders, -Enjoined them to continue his holy fight

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What began to spring up in the 12th C, the most powerful being what?

-Homegrown warrior monasteries, -Knightly orders of Santiago and Calatrava

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What was the Latin moto for the Santiago knightly order?

'May the sword be red with Arab blood'

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Therefore, what does this show about orthodox v non orthodox?

Shows idea of the Muslims still being othered and a minority

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Although what is interesting about Alfonso's holy war?

Interesting, as it suggests the religious war was for holy reasons, rather than the political reasons whic lead to persecution

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3)- Spanish Reconquista- What did the Reconquista inspire as a trend quite seperate from the violent crusade impulse?

Intellectual effots to question and refute

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Under what Archbishop were scholars invited to Toldeo to do what?

-Raymond of Toledo, -Invited scholars from all over the Mediterranean and Europe to transalte the large amounts of Arabic documents into Hebrew, LAtin and Romance vernaculars

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How was the Archbishop's attitude to relgiions described? Give an example of how based on these translations?

-'open-minded', -Leading reliigous men were forced to reconcile the observations of reason from the discovery of Aristotle work in Toledo,

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When did PEter the Venerable visit Spain and what did he organise?

1142-3, -Organised the first Latin transaltion of the Quaran by Robert of Ketton

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SICILY

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HISTORY

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What was the period of Sicily marked by?

Nymerius conflicts and reign changes

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When did Arabs successfully end rule of Byzantium in Sicily? WHy did they do this?

-827, -At request of governor of Syracuse

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However, what did the Arabs do instead of giving Sicilians independence?

They began to conquer Sicily

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How long did this take the Arabs?

100 years

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What prompted the Normans to invade?

Disagreement between the Arab rulers and intervention of the Pope

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Who led the Normans?

Roger I, brother of RObert Guiscard

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When did Roger land his fleet in Sicily?

1061

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How long did it take the Normans to remove the Arabs, and when did Sicily becoming a Norman Kingdom?

30 years of fighting, -1091

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EXAMPLES

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When the Normans stopped fighting, what kind of civilisation did they find based on religion?

THey found a civilisation composed of a majority of Muslims (Arabs, Berber, Persian) and a grat number of Greek christians and substantial Jewish communities all living in relative harmony

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What two examples are there for Sicily?

1) ROger II, son of Roger who conquered the island, Palermo, 2) Case of Philip of Mahdia, admiral and confidant of Roger II, King of Sicily,

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How has ROger II been described by historians?

An ;enlightened ruler'

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Was he raised to rule?

Yes- He was conversant in Greek and Arabic

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What was Roger's palestine Chapel like in his palace?

There were Byzantine mosaics, unorthodox Islamic figurative scenes of hunting and other pleasures

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How did O'Shea describe this mix of religions?

As a 'hothouse of Mediterranean Culture'

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To the Muslim subjects of Palermo, was Roger's rule any different?

Aoart from the church bells ringing more loudly, Roger may have appeared a continuation of what their ancestors would have known

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ALTHOUGH, what changes were made to the muslim status, and what happened to their key buildings?

-Now second class citizens, subject to higher taxes, -Their main Friday mosque had been turned into Palermo's Cathedral

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OVerall, was there systematic or ordained persecution?

No systematic or ordained persecution for political power- Instead they made clelar examples

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2) Case of of Philip Mahdia= WHo was he?

Admiral and confidant of Roger II, King of Sicily

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How did Roger meet Philip?

Roger served as a mentor for Philip, a Muslim eunich he had purchased or acquired as a young man,

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How had Philip been raised once acquired?

As a Christian

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What happened to him once under Roger?

He became an intimate in Roger's court, rising through adminitration and given command of the King's fleet,

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In 1147, what did Philip lead?

LEd Kingdom's conwuest of the Tunisian port city of Bone

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On his reutrn, what was he charged with?

Treason and Apostasy

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What was Philip accused of?

Making generous concessions in allowing the wealthiest citizens to withdraw their property to the countryside,

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What was this action viewed as gathering favour with?

Seen as gathering favour with local Muslim community

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What did it seem about his conversion?

It was a ruse and he maintained his old faith

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What was Philip's punishment?

He was dragged out from the palace to the lime kilns outside the city by a team of wild horses and was there burned alive

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Why did Roger give this punishment?

COuldn't take this chance- Public trial to set an example

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While ROger was tried and condemend as a apostate, what did this historical narrative describe as the reason he was tried?

Histoical narrative explains it was offences against God,

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What did this historicla narrative describe Philip as?

'Derider of Christian name' 'Secret holder of the devil who hated Christians'

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What was also included about his acts of pious charity?

Acts of pious Islamic charity, icnluding supporting the mosques of Palermo's large Muslim community and sending offerings to the tomb of Prophet Muhammed in Medina

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What does Catlos state about why minority members ended up serving in high positions?

As conqeurors had yet to develop sophisticated institutions to rule the complex socieities they had conquered

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THEREFORE, what is the overall argument in comparison to More?

Unlike More, the development of the church not yet fully implemented for this state sanctioned persecution

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MIDDLE EAST

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HISTORY

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When did the Seljuq Turks arrive in the Middle East and what were they doing?

-Mid 11th C, -Conquering large amouns of Byzantine Empire territory

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WHo is the ruler of Christian Byzantine EMpire and what does he ask Pop Urban II?

-Emperor Alexius I, -Asks for Pope Urban II's help to retake Anatolia from the Muslims

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What was Pope Urban's response?

He agreed, seeing this as an opportunity

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What did he do to introduce this 'crusade and when?

in 1095, he makes a sermon at Clermont in France with huge impact

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When did they take Jerusalem?

1099

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When had Jerusalem fallen to Islamic expansion?

As early as 7th C

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What other cities did they hold?

Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa

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EXAMPLES

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What 3 exampes are given for the Middle East?

1) Pope Urban II's sermong at Clermont in 1095, -Crusade to Jerusalem, -Fulcher of Chartres 1120

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For Pope Urban II's sermon at Clermont in 1095, what did he state the aim of the crusade was?

'To carry aid promptly to those Christians and destory that vile race from the land of our friends'

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How did he describe the Muslims?

' a despised and based race, which worships demons

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How many soldiers were there in the Pope's order?

Over 100,000 from Western Europe

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Like More's argument, what role did the Pope take up when organising a military crusade?

Took on political role of a prince- Power to call an army is not a power of reliigous authority

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What date did crusading knights break through St Stephen's Gate of Jerusalem?

15th July 1099

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What did westerners do to inhabitants?

They were herded into mosque and synagoges for wholesale slaughter

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What description is given for the level of death?

'The slaughter was so great that out men waded in blood up to their ankles;

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Reports state how many Saracens were killed including who?

Around 10,000 including gentiles,

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Is this persecution?

It is persecution, but it is not state-sanctioned, or any long-term persecution. THis is a slaughter due to the heat of the battle

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What did FUlcher of Chartres in 1120 report bout Christians in the Holy Land and their 'roots?

He comments on the international nature of CHristians in the Holy Land and how many have forgotten their roots

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Give a qute from Chartes concerning marriage?

'Some have taken wives not merely of their own people, but SYrians, or Armenians or even Saracens, who had recieved the grace of baptism'

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What does this show about orthodox v non-orthodox?

There was this general concept of Orthodox v Non-Orthodox, but clear there wasa merge,

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OVerall, was there a long term state sanctioned persecution?

No long term rule for Catholics in Middle East to establish complex government and ecclesiastical links for powr,

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Moore's model and Persecution Essay questions

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