Module 3 Science
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- Created by: Alessandra Genco
- Created on: 04-12-12 22:18
What is selective breeding?
A breeding programme that uses artificial selection, in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen and interbred to produce offspring with more desirable characteristics
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What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn't?
1) Chloroplast 2) Mitochondria 3) Vacuole
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What is cross breeding?
Mating between 2 genetically different organisms within the same species
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What is a stem cell?
Undifferentiated cell that can divide by mitosis and is capable of differentiating into any of the cell types found in that organism
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What is the function of the veins?
To prevent back-flow
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What is the function of platelets?
Help your blood to clot when you cut yourself
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What is the function of the white blood cells?
To fight/defend against disease
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What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
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What does 'haploid' mean?
Describes a cell that has a nucleus with only one set of chromosomes; a sex cell
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What does 'diploid' mean?
Describes a cell that has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes; a body cell
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How are sperm adapted to their function?
1) Small and have a tail to swim 2) Have a nucleus to carry genetic information 3) Have mitochondria to provide energy
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What is meiosis?
Type of cell division that occurs to form sex cells, resulting in four genetically different cells
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What is asexual reproduction?
Reproduction without gametes/sex cells, using mitosis
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What are the advantages of being multicellular?
1) Organisms can be larger 2) Can have different types of cells 3) Can do different jobs 4) More complex
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What is the function of insulin?
Travels in blood stream to target organs and regulates your blood sugar level
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What is mitosis?
Type of cell division that occurs in body cells, resulting in two genetically identical cells
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Why do body cells divide?
1) Replace worn out cells 2) Repair damaged tissues 3) Grow by producing more cells
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What causes muscle fatigue?
Build of lactic acid and lack of oxygen
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What is the difference between anaerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic uses oxygen where as anaerobic does not
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Name 3 diseases caused by gene mutations?
1) Cancer 2) Sickle cell anaemia 3) Cystic fibrosis
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What is protein synthesis?
Building up proteins form long chains of amino acids, in the order determined by the sequence bases in DNA
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What does the term 'denatured' mean?
State of a protein when its shape has altered and it can no longer carry out its function
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What is complementary base pairing?
Pairing between DNA bases: A with T and C with G. Their shapes fit together
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What is the role of the mRNA?
To carry a copy of the coded instructions
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What do you need proteins for?
1) Growth 2) Repair of damaged tissues 3) Building structures
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What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thick and elastic walls, uses high pressure where as veins have thinner walls and use low pressure
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Why does a sperm need acrosome?
To break down the egg membrane
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What factors increase the chance of mutation?
1) Smoking 2) Drugs 3) Alcohol 4) Radiation 5) Chemicals
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What does the term 'reaction time' mean?
The time between the start of a reaction and its completion
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What does the term 'rate of reaction' mean?
The amount of product made ÷ time, or the amount of reactant used ÷ time.
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Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of reaction when the temperature is increased?
Increases the chance of successful collision because the particles have more energy. It also increases collision frequency.
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Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of reaction increases if the pressure or concentration of certain reactants is increased?
The particles are more crowded at higher pressures or concentration, so there are more collisions and the rate of reaction is greater
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Explain the effect of increasing the surface area on the rate of reaction?
More surface is exposes, so there are more collisions, and the rate of reaction increases
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What is an explosion?
A very fast reaction in which a large volume of hot gases is released in a short time
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Give two examples of explosions?
1) Reaction between hydrogen and oxygen 2) TNT exploding
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Give an example of a catalyst and the reaction it catalyses?
Iron catalyses the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to make ammonia
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What is the relative formula mass for H₂O?
H=1 O=16, 1+1+16 = 18
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What does conservation of mass mean?
The total mass is the same before and after a reaction
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What is meant by percentage yield?
The percentage of the predicted yield that you actually get
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What is the equation for percentage yield?
percentage yield = actual yield ÷ predicted yield x100%
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What is meant by the atom economy?
A way to measure the amount of atoms that are wasted when a certain chemical is made
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How is the atom economy calculated?
atom economy = Mr of desired product ÷ total Mr of all products x 100
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Explain why a high atom economy is desirable?
Fewer resources are wasted to make the desired product
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What is meant by atomic number?
Number of protons
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Give an example of an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction?
Endothermic: ammonium nitrate dissolving in water. Exothermic: Combustion
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In terms of energy transfer to or from the surroundings, describe the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?
Exothermic reaction transfers energy to the surroundings. Endothermic reactions transfer energy from the surroundings
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In terms of energy changed and bonds, explain the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?
In exothermic reactions, more energy is released where new bonds form than is needed to break the existing bonds. In endothermic reactions, more energy needed to break the existing bonds than is released wen new bonds form
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What is calorimetry?
A method used to measure the energy transferred in chemical reactions
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Describe three factors to control in a calorimetry experiment to make it a fair test
mass of water, temperature increase, height of calorimeter above the flame
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What is batch production?
A chemical reaction in which one batch of reactants at a time is converted to products
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What is continuous production?
A chemical reaction that takes place by continuously supplying the reactants and removing the products as they form
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Name two chemicals made in continuous processes?
Ammonia and sulphuric acid
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List the factors that affect the cost of making and developing a drug?
Research and testing, labour costs, energy costs, raw materials and development costs
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Explain why diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon?
Diamond and graphite are different forms of carbon in the same physical state
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What is a delocalised electron?
An electron that is free to move throughout a structure
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In terms of structure, why does graphite conduct electricity but diamond doesn't?
Graphite has delocalised electrons but diamond does not
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In terms of structure, why is graphite slippery but diamond is hard?
Graphite has layers joined by weak forces but the atoms in diamond are all joined together by strong covalent bonds
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In terms of structure, why does graphite and diamond both have high melting points?
Both contain a lot of covalent bonds, which are strong and need a lot of energy to overcome
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What are nanotubes?
Fullerene molecules joined together so they resemble a layer of graphite rolled into a tube
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Describe and explain two uses of nanotubes?
Strong, stiff, conduct electricity, reinforcing materials, electrical wires, catalysts
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What is Buckminister Fullerene?
A molecule containing 60 carbon atoms, forming a hollow sphere
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Explain how the structure of nanotubes enables them to be used as catalysts?
They have a very large surface area and their properties can be modified by attaching other substances, such as nitrogen or iron, to their surface
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn't?
Back
1) Chloroplast 2) Mitochondria 3) Vacuole
Card 3
Front
What is cross breeding?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is a stem cell?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the function of the veins?
Back
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