Memory development

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what does memory require?
a mental representation
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what was Piaget's notion about memory?
out of sight = out of mind - when toy disappears babies act like toy was never there - once take away the visual input they dont have a mental representation so the toy doesnt exist in the mind - this happened up to about 9 months
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what was the main problem of Piaget's research?
cognitive overload - too much going on in task, difficult for baby to reach for toy - not a mental representation thing - problems with motor skill at this age
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what was the carrot task?
violation of expectation - take away need to perform an action - short and tall carrots in habituation events they disappear/reappear - expected and unexpected events where carrot does/doesnt appear in the window - showed surprise at unexpected event
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what was the conclusion from the carrot study?
infants as young as 2/3 months old showed surprise at unexpected event - suggesting infant must have mental representation
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how is operant conditioning used to test memory?
use the basic paradigm - reinforce behaviour so infant can show preference for an event
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sucking experiment? (operant conditioning)
use babies 2/3 days old - baseline rate of 5 mins for rate of **** - increase/decrease ****ing at mother or strangers voice - babies do alter ****ing rate so must have mental representation for mother's voice
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pregnant mum operant conditioning study?
pregnant mums in last 6 months of pregnancy - measured startle response of foetus - mums read same story to bump twice a week - at 2/3 days old they decreased/increased sucking to hear the story
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what is mobile conjugate reinforcement?
putting things together because they go together
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what was the cot experiment measuring conjugate reinforcement?
cot in room with mobile - hook babys foot to ribbon of mobile - have to learn to kick to make it move - then take baby away to learn association - 2 month baby could be taken away for a day and show memory, 3month for 8 days, 6month for 2 weeks
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what adjustments were made to the cot experiment?
changed colours of mobile to black and white - showed less memory - changed cot padding around inside of it and affected memory - if cot different room it affected memory - context dependent - brought into room as reminder helped at diff ages
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what main differences are there in memory between infants and toddlers?
independent locomotion (motor skill) and language
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outline the magic shrinking machine experiment (simcokc and hayne 2003)
drop objects into machine and shrink - test after 24 hours and some recall after delay but mainly non-verbal - retested after 12 months (vocab improbvement) but they described the event as if they were a year younger - couldnt use new vocab
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what was Peterson et al's emergency medical treatment study?
young children interviewed about emergency medical treatment - older childrens reports more accurate - key whether they had language at time of event - even youngest children, about half of them had memory for event after 18 months
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what is infantile amnesia?
few adults have memories from about 5 years - and almost no adults have memories from 3 years
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what is necessary for cognitive sense of self?
language - develops towards end of second year (self-recognition test - dot on nose in mirror)
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how is sense of self tested?
dot on nose put in front of mirror - if reach to rub off own nose they have sense of self, if reach for mirror they dont - also hid lion and found children better at dot test better at finding hidden lion and developed schemas for autobiographical M
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what did Flavell et al 1966 find? (use of strategies)
spike at age 7-10 years old - big upward trend in use of strategy - seen in lip-reading to see if they are rehearsing when shown pictures
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what did Kobasigawa find? (use of strategies)
category pictures which were associated with 3 items and told to memorise item pics - gave category cards at recall - found improvement of how they used the category cards - older children used the category cards more
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how was increased knowledge tested? (digit span and chess positions)
children expert chess players, adults novices - gave digit span task - children got 6, adults 8 - children remembered more chess positions than the adults - even though adults have larger WM, knowledge made memory superior
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what is metamemory?
understanding your own memory - are you aware of memory strategies
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what are the differences between children with metamemory?
young children overestimate their memory ability - older children more accurate - improved metamemory increases memory - children's lack of awareness of ability is adaptive (so they keep trying)
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what is good about over confidence in metamemory?
adaptive and leads to persistence and increased memory over time
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what did gathercole's WN study show?
4-15 year olds using different tasks for diff components of WM - developmental improvements even for teenagers - if have poor WM will struggle in school (low attainment in core subjects and more distracted)
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how have they improved WM in children?
engaging in cognitive and motoric systems using series of action-object instructions - gradually increase number of actions need to recall - enactment at encoding and recall better for adults - for everyone enacted recall better than verbal
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what research is done in BiB schools?
phonological loop task and visuo-spatial sketchpad task to provide info to teachers to identify children with problems
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Card 2

Front

what was Piaget's notion about memory?

Back

out of sight = out of mind - when toy disappears babies act like toy was never there - once take away the visual input they dont have a mental representation so the toy doesnt exist in the mind - this happened up to about 9 months

Card 3

Front

what was the main problem of Piaget's research?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what was the carrot task?

Back

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Card 5

Front

what was the conclusion from the carrot study?

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