Medicine Key Individuals
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- Created by: isobelha
- Created on: 08-09-21 11:55
John of Arderne
- Most famous surgeon in Medieval England
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and
surgical instruments
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and
surgical instruments
1 of 50
John of Arderne
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
2 of 50
John of Arderne
- Developed treatment for anal absecess
(swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons
from lower-class barber surgeons
(swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons
from lower-class barber surgeons
3 of 50
William Harvey
Discovery of circulation of Blood
Discovery of circulation of Blood
- Calculated how much blood would be produced if it was fuel for the body
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
4 of 50
William Harvey
Discovery of circulation of Blood
Discovery of circulation of Blood
- Read what Italian anatomists at Padua discovered, built on their work
- Dissected and studied human hearts
- Dissected and studied human hearts
5 of 50
William Harvey
- The heart works like a pump
- Blood flows in one direction only around the body
- one way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
- Blood flows in one direction only around the body
- one way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
6 of 50
William Harvey
- Blood is re-circulated and not replaced
- He went against Galen who was still strongly supported by the church
- He challenged the idea of bloodletting to balance the humours
- He went against Galen who was still strongly supported by the church
- He challenged the idea of bloodletting to balance the humours
7 of 50
William Harvey
- Waited 12 years before publishing De Motu Cordis (1628)
- Theory was accepted by many doctors
- Wasn't immediately useful
- Was an English Doctor
- Theory was accepted by many doctors
- Wasn't immediately useful
- Was an English Doctor
8 of 50
John Hunter
- Pioneer of scientific surgery
- Appointed surgeon to King George III in 1776 and surgeon general to army in 1790
- Appointed surgeon to King George III in 1776 and surgeon general to army in 1790
9 of 50
John Hunter
- Inoculated himself with gonorrhoea as an experiment when he was writing his book, on venereal disease
10 of 50
John Hunter
Tried radical surgery, operated on a man's leg that had a throbbing lump (aneurysm) on his knee joint instead of amputating in 1785
- collected and studied 3000 anatomical species
- collected and studied 3000 anatomical species
11 of 50
John Hunter
- When the King's elephant died, Hunter performed the first dissection of an Elephant
12 of 50
Nicholas Culpeper
- Wrote the complete herbal (1653)
- Used plant and astrology in his treatments
- Highly critical of bloodletting and purging
- Used plant and astrology in his treatments
- Highly critical of bloodletting and purging
13 of 50
Edward Jenner
- Jenner made the discovery of vaccination (inoculation)
- He was a country doctor in Gloucestershire
- He was a country doctor in Gloucestershire
14 of 50
Edward Jenner
- Heard stories that people who had cowpox were protected against smallpox
- He tested the theory in 1796, gave cowpox to an 8 year old boy
- He tested the theory in 1796, gave cowpox to an 8 year old boy
15 of 50
Edward Jenner
- Jenner called his cowpox inoculation technique vaccination after the Latin word for cow
- Published his findings in 1798
- Published his findings in 1798
16 of 50
Louis Pasteur
- Proved the spontaneous generation was wrong and that germs not chemicals cause decay
- Worked at Lille University, in the heart of an industrial area
- Worked at Lille University, in the heart of an industrial area
17 of 50
Louis Pasteur
- Specialised in fermentation
- Investigated why beer was going bad at a local brewery
- Investigated why beer was going bad at a local brewery
18 of 50
Louis Pasteur
- Discovered that it was microorganisms in the beer that were causing it to go off
- Called microorganisms germs because they were germinating and fermenting
- Called microorganisms germs because they were germinating and fermenting
19 of 50
Louis Pasteur/Joseph Lister
- Various theories were still debated in the 1860s and 70s despite Lister's attempts to convince British Surgeons
20 of 50
Louis Pasteur/Joseph Lister
- Most doctors at the time didn't believe microscopic germs could harm humans
- Pasteur's research related to germs that might turn foods so not related to ill-health in humans
- Pasteur's research related to germs that might turn foods so not related to ill-health in humans
21 of 50
Charles Bastian
- influential doctor
- Professor of anatomy at University College London
- Professor of anatomy at University College London
22 of 50
Charles Bastian
- Written many articles in late 1860s supporting spontaneous generation
- People didn't want to challenge his views
- People didn't want to challenge his views
23 of 50
John Tyndall
- Famous Physicist
- Argued in favour of germ theory and against Charles Bastian
- Argued in favour of germ theory and against Charles Bastian
24 of 50
John Tyndall
- Lectured on dust and disease, demonstrated existence of tiny microbes in the air
- Publicly defended Pasteur's germ theory
- Publicly defended Pasteur's germ theory
25 of 50
John Tyndall
- Heavily criticised spontaneous generation, said germ theory explained typhoid fever
26 of 50
Robert Koch
- Applied Germ theory to human diseases
- Founder of bacteriology (study of bacteria)
- Work went against view that most germs were very similar
- Founder of bacteriology (study of bacteria)
- Work went against view that most germs were very similar
27 of 50
Robert Koch
- German doctor
- identified microbe responsible for anthrax om 1876
- Identified deadly cholera germs in 1884
- identified microbe responsible for anthrax om 1876
- Identified deadly cholera germs in 1884
28 of 50
Robert Koch
- Proved that specific bacteria were responsible for specific diseases by injecting and retrieving bacterium from successive experimental animals
29 of 50
Robert Koch
- Improved growing of microbes on solidified agar
- Discovered dyes to stain specific microbes, allowed scientists to recognise them
- Discovered dyes to stain specific microbes, allowed scientists to recognise them
30 of 50
Robert Koch
- Him and Pasteur had encouraged a new team of scientists to study diseases and find ways of preventing them
31 of 50
Robert Koch
- Scientists found that chemicals attacked specific germs
- Former member of Koch's team (Paul Ehrlich) developed first chemical cure for disease
- Former member of Koch's team (Paul Ehrlich) developed first chemical cure for disease
32 of 50
Paul Ehrlich
- Former member of Koch's team
- 1909 discovered first chemical cure for disease
- Chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis
- 1909 discovered first chemical cure for disease
- Chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis
33 of 50
Paul Ehrlich
- Named the 'magic bullet' because targeted harmful germ specifically and destroyed without harming the rest of the body
- Led to the discovery of other magic bullets
- Led to the discovery of other magic bullets
34 of 50
Alexander Fleming
- Fleming discovered penicillin when he returned from his holiday
- Realised germ-killing capabilities o penicillin and published his findings the same year
- Realised germ-killing capabilities o penicillin and published his findings the same year
35 of 50
Alexander Fleming
- Today we know penicillin to be an antibiotic
however, Fleming didn't realise this and concluded it to be a natural antiseptic
however, Fleming didn't realise this and concluded it to be a natural antiseptic
36 of 50
Alexander Fleming
- Didn't inject penicillin into an infected animal, this would've shown it could be used to kill infections
37 of 50
Alexander Fleming
- Likely to have sparked a lot of interest in penicillin and could have advanced its development
- Few people regarded Fleming's work as a major breakthrough
- Few people regarded Fleming's work as a major breakthrough
38 of 50
Charles Booth
- Made a report after an investigation into public health in the 20th century
- Report was called: Life and Labour of the People in London
- Report was called: Life and Labour of the People in London
39 of 50
Charles Booth
- Found around 30% of Londoners so poor that they didn't have enough money to eat properly, despite having full time jobs
40 of 50
Seebohm Rowntree
- Also made a report following an investigation into public health in the 20th century
- His report was about York
- His report was about York
41 of 50
Seebohm Rowntree
- Report was called: A study of Town Life
- found 28% of population didn't have minimum amount of money to live on at some time in their life
- found 28% of population didn't have minimum amount of money to live on at some time in their life
42 of 50
Sir William Beveridge
- Key economist and social reformer
- His report led to the creation of the NHS
- 1942, wrote a report about the state of Britain
- His report led to the creation of the NHS
- 1942, wrote a report about the state of Britain
43 of 50
Sir William Beveridge
- Report known as the Beveridge report
- Sold over 100,000 copies in its first month of publication
- Said people had right to be free from the five giants
- Sold over 100,000 copies in its first month of publication
- Said people had right to be free from the five giants
44 of 50
Sir William Beveridge
- Five giants:
- disease
- want (need)
- ignorance
- idleness
- squalor (very poor living conditions)
- disease
- want (need)
- ignorance
- idleness
- squalor (very poor living conditions)
45 of 50
Sir William Beveridge
- Report suggested ways of improving life quality
- Said government should take charge of of social security from cradle to the grave
- Said government should take charge of of social security from cradle to the grave
46 of 50
Aneurin Bevan
- Labour politician
- Labour minister for health
- Introduced the NHS in 1948
- Labour minister for health
- Introduced the NHS in 1948
47 of 50
Aneurin Bevan
- Overcame opposition from Doctors who didn't wish to come under government control or lose income
48 of 50
Andreas Vesalius
- 1545 Thomas Geminus copied Vesalius' illustrations
- Put them in a manual for barber surgeons, Compendiosa
- Put them in a manual for barber surgeons, Compendiosa
49 of 50
Andreas Vesalius
- Added text from de Mondeville's SUrgery (1312)
- Compendiosa very popular in England, three editions published between 1545 and 1559
- Compendiosa very popular in England, three editions published between 1545 and 1559
50 of 50
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
Back
John of Arderne
Card 3
Front
- Developed treatment for anal absecess
(swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons
from lower-class barber surgeons
(swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons
from lower-class barber surgeons
Back
Card 4
Front
- Calculated how much blood would be produced if it was fuel for the body
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
Back
Card 5
Front
- Read what Italian anatomists at Padua discovered, built on their work
- Dissected and studied human hearts
- Dissected and studied human hearts
Back
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