1. Need to Achieve (Nach) - People who are driven to take on challenges, aren't concerned with failure, see failure as an opportunity to learn and improvem, sets personal goals, instinsicly motivated. 2. Need to Avoid Failure (NAF) - people are drive
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* The Four Factors Identified by the Attribution Theory and when they should be used (after success or failure).
Coping strategy - deal with stress, both can be used to relax, both help focus on improtant info. Visualisation-allows a performer to anticipate/plan tactics, boosts confidence levels. Imagery-more reactive/response during performance.
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* Define Imagery and Visualisation.
It is the ability to form mental images of thiings or events. Also refered to as mental rehearsal. Visualisation is more of a internal process (without physical performace) and is more proactive. Imagery may involve past successful performances/mimic
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* The process of Attribution.
Attribution explains behaviour. (see diagram) Event Outcome (win/loss) -> Available information from event (level of anxiety/mood/win/loss)-> Casual Attribution (giving reason for result (attribution theory)) -> Expentancy (predicted results or futur
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* Explain the term Learned Helpleness.
It is a belief that failure is inevitable. Could be due to past bad experiences. Link to low confidence & self esteem. More common with NAF personalities. Need to undergo attribution retraining to change this attitude.
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* Factors essential for Team Cohesion.
Carron factors: Environmental factros (club membership/location/team), Personal Factors (social), Leadership Factors (clear leader), Team Factors (individual goals understood,teamwork,ability). Other factors: common goals, good communication, success
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* How the SMART pathway can be used to set Effective Goals.
Specificity: goals clear and concise. Measurable: goals assessed through a formal process. Agreed: agreed with coach,managers / (Accepted, Achievable). Realistic: achievable and within reach. Time-bound: reflect short & long term objectives.
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* How can elite performers use Performance Profiling in their Long-Term Preparation.
Helps players set goals, motivation-see improvement, it identifies strenghts & weaknesses (wagon wheels), used to compare to team and national scores, helps develop coach and athlete relationship, monitor changes over time.
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* Define Ritual.
Pre-game specific rehearsed routine which could be part of tradition or superstition, which performers alwasy follow before they play their sport.
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* Reasons why performers use Rituals.
Reduces anxiety, gain a feeling of control, respect, unites performers with crowd, intimidates opponents, group cohesion, cultural heritage, raises levels of arousals, superstition (not mentally prepare as too vague).
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* Define the term Achievement Motivation.
A fundamental drive to suceed or persist with a task.
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* Explain the affects of Achievement Motivation.
Nach performers: highly motivated, risk takers, like feedback on performance, perform better when being evaluated, do not fear failure, seek sucess. Naf: want to avoid failure, take the easy option, worse when evaluated, give up easily, avoid humilia
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* How is Goal Setting used in Long-Term Psychological Preparation.
Identify strengths and weaknesses, SMART Targets, can be used to plan psychological training, check progress, to put strategies in place, motviation, demotivating if goals too hard, help stay focus.
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* The Four Factors Identified by the Attribution Theory and when they should be used (after success or failure).
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