lecture 9 phobias

?
  • Created by: pe4ch
  • Created on: 15-01-20 20:10
what is the principle of equipotentiality
any CS can enter into association with any outcome - any CS can become a phobic stimulus
1 of 43
how long does a phobia need to alst for
6 months
2 of 43
NHS definition of a phobia
overwhelming and debilitating fear of object, place, situation, feeling or animal
3 of 43
what is extinction
gradual weakening of a CR that results in behaviour dissapearing
4 of 43
what one is not one of Ost 1991 3 categories>
vicarious
5 of 43
what is the most common Ost 1991
conditioning
6 of 43
What did McNally & Steketee 1985 find?
most individuals are scared of the panic and the response of their phobia
7 of 43
what else did McNally & Steketee 1985 find?
S-R response underlying phobia - anxiety sensititvity
8 of 43
What did Doogan & Thomas 1992 do?
they replicated DiNardo study - to get over memory issue - child with fear is more likely to remember accurately
9 of 43
What did Doogan & Thomas 1992 find?
latent inhibition is a significant protector from fear in adults
10 of 43
what else did Doogan & Thomas 1992 find?
dog fearful kids were more likely than adults to report having receiving warnings about dogs, but also could recognise the potential attractiveness of a dog
11 of 43
what is sensory preconditioning?
sensory and sensory conditioning, e.g. beach and wave, then big wave associated with pain - beach can evoke that chain now
12 of 43
what did White & Davey 1989 look at?
triangle with noise CS+ and cloud with nothing CS-
13 of 43
White & Davey 1989 US revaluation in humans
following conditioning, the US could change in value, which changed behaviour to the first order CS
14 of 43
Garcia & Koelling 1966
associations form between taste and illness, audio-visual stimuli and shock, but not taste and shock, not audio-visual and illness, context makes learning harder
15 of 43
What did Cook & Mineka 1990 find
an example of vicarious learning: monkey saw monkey looking frightened, attributed it to snake and not flowers
16 of 43
What else did Cook & Mineka 1990 find
some cs-us associations seem predisposed, some things are easier to be learned about
17 of 43
what does field 2006 suggest?
second-order conditioning could explain vicarious learning
18 of 43
what is second order conditioning?
a stimulus which was previously neutral (e.g. light), is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g. tone and shock) to produce the same conditioned response as the CS - fear, so now tone and light will produce fear
19 of 43
what is vicarious learning
conditioning by observing the resposne evoked by other individual to the stimulus
20 of 43
how does second order conditioning account for vicarious learning
observing someone else being frightened after experiencing the CS might lead to fear
21 of 43
what is likely to arise from false alarm
agoraphobia
22 of 43
what is the difference between phobia and fear conditioning
fear conditioning is an adaptive protective mechanism, a phobia is selective
23 of 43
are phobias resistant to extinction
repeated exposure usually reinforces phobia rather than lead to extinction
24 of 43
What did Seligman 1970 1971 say about preparedness
evolution has worked to preopare certain associations that facilitate survival
25 of 43
What did Ohman et al 1976 find?
conditioned fear to fear relevant stimuli is resistant to extinction
26 of 43
problem with Ohman 1976?
failure to replicate
27 of 43
what does seligmans theory contrast with?
it contrasts everything to do with associative notion of equipotentiality
28 of 43
What does Ohman claim & Mineka claim in 2001
that there is a specific evolved fear learning module in the brain
29 of 43
garcia and koelling 1966
some associtions form easier, can associate taste and illness, audio visual and shock, but not taste and shock, or audiovisual and illness
30 of 43
what is acquisition?
one stimuli paired with aversive and other stimuli wasnt
31 of 43
What did Ohman 1976 give evidence for
selectivity
32 of 43
what did Ohman 1976 find?
something slightly different about fearful associations, spider and snake fear didnt go away in extinction
33 of 43
Findings of Blanchette 2009?
fear relevance must be learned, as evolutionary significance had no effect
34 of 43
What did Laboe 2010 examine
3 year old kids
35 of 43
what did Laboe 2010 find
experience is key, knife vs spoon and syringe
36 of 43
what can summarise LaBoe 2010
there is learned experience by attentional bias to threat stimuli generate by experience with them
37 of 43
who came up with the evolved fear module
Ohman & Minenka
38 of 43
What does the fear module suggest
qualitative differences in conditioning between fear relevant and fear irrelevant stimuli
39 of 43
what did Purkis & Lipp 2009 look at?
pictures of dogs birds fish snakes and spiders - whether these stimuli catch attention
40 of 43
what did Purkis & Lipp 2009 find?
fear and fear trained fear stimuli can capture attention in a similair way - CS+ captures attention for fear processing in the same way as fear relevant stimuli
41 of 43
Lipp Kempnich Jee and Arnold 2013 findings
strong evidence of conditioning to subliminal stimuli, regardless of their threat status, subliminal presentation of conditioned stimuluses produce fear conditioning for both fear relevant and fear irrelevant stimuli
42 of 43
Lipp 2013- masked study
you learn more when you can see and perceive
43 of 43

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

how long does a phobia need to alst for

Back

6 months

Card 3

Front

NHS definition of a phobia

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is extinction

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what one is not one of Ost 1991 3 categories>

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

Phobias
See all Psychology resources »See all phobias resources »