Last minute revision for Stats exam

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Assumptions for an ANCOVA
Same as ANOVA but we have linear regression and homogeneity of regression coefficients
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What is the assumptions of linear regression?
Deviations from the regression equation across the different levels of the independent variable must have normal distributions with the means of zero and homoscedasisity
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What is homogeneity of regression coefficients
The regression coefficient for each of the groups in the IV should be the same
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When is a MANOVA conducted?
ANOVA style analysis on several DV variables
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What are the assumptions?
Multivariate normality: Sampling distributions of the DV and all linear combinations of them are normal, Homogeneity of variance, Boxs M test this is but it is advised that p.80
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singularity
A variable is redundant; a combination of two or more of the other variables
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The aim of discriminant function analysis?
Find a set of variables that predict membership of groups
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When is it used?
When groups are already known and the researcher is trying to find out what the differences are between the groups
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Kant
Duty or right based Ethics
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Bentham
outcome based ethics
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3 main codes of ethics?
Harm to human pps must be avoided, informed consent, debriefing
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What are the three Rs?
Refinement, reduction and Replacement
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Internal validity?
The extent to which the results obtained are a function of the variables that were systematically manipulated
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Maximise internal validity
Rule out the possibility of other factors producing the change, must control everything and eliminate exteneous influences, easiest in highly controlled, lab settings
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History effects
Events occuring during the experiment that are not part of the treatment
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Diffusion of treatment effects
Occurs in control group learns about the manipulation
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Compensatory Rivalry
When pps in different conditions start competing
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Compensatory Equalisation
What if the experimenter knows what group the pps is in
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Resentful demoralisation
If the control group learns that they are in the control group they may stop trying
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Population validity
The extent to which the results can be generalised from the experimental sample to a defined population
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Ecological validity
The extent to which the results can be generalised from the set of environmental conditions in the experiment to other environmental conditions
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Reactive effects of testing
Occurs when a pre test increases or decreases the respondents sensitivity to the treatment
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Reactive effects of experimental arrangements
These can occur when the conditions of the study are such that the results are not likely to be replicated in non experimental situations
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Selection treatment interaction
The possibility that some characteristic of pps selected for the study interacts with some aspect of the treatment
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Multiple treatment inference
When pps receive more than one treatment, the effects of previous treatment may influence subsequent ones
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Replication
An additional scientific study that is conducted in exactly the same manner as the original research project
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Pearsons
Interval + ratio and Interval + ratio
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Spearman's Rho:
Ordinal/ rank and ordinal/ rank
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Kendall's Tau
Ordinal (Rank) + ordinal (Rank)
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Phi
True dichotomy x2
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Structured interview?
Questions and response categories that predetermined by researcher
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Unstructured
List of topics to discuss with pps; interview strongly pps led
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Semi structured
REsearcher has a list of questions but scope for pps to discuss issues important to them and not anticipated by rresearcher
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Convienience sampling
Selection most accessibly pps
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Purposive sampling
Generate insight and in depth understanding of the topic of interest
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theme
A patterned response in your data that has a meaning in relation to the research question
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Six phases of thematic analysis?
Familiarising yourself with data, generating inital codes, searching for themes, rev
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Semantic code
Succint summary of explicit data
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Latent content
Provide an interpretation about the data
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Split half reliability
Items are split into two halves
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Parallel forms
Create a large pool of items, randomly divide the items into two seperate tests
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Cronbach's Alpha
Mathematically equivalent to the average of all possible split half estimates
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What does a figure of +0.7 indicate?
indicates acceptable internal reliability
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What is the Kuder Richardson Formula
Measures internal reliability for measures with 2 choices
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External reliability
Test retest reliability, perform the same survey with the same respondents at different points in time
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Inter-rater reliability
Determines the estent to which two or more raters obtain the same result when coding the same response
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Validity
If a test is valid then you measure what you intend to measure
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Content validity
The extent to which a measure represents all faces of the phenomena being measured
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Construct validity
Seeks to establish a clear relationship between the construct at a theoreritcal levela dn the measure that has been developed
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Convergent validity
The measure shows association with measures that it should be related
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Discriminant validity
The measure is not related to things that it should not be related to
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Predictive
Assess whether a measure can accurately predict future behaviour
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A Priori
Consider the proposition, "If George V reigned at least four days, then he reigned more than three days." This is something that one knows a priori, because it expresses a statement that one can derive by reason alone
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A posteriori
Compare this with the proposition expressed by the sentence, "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." This is something that (if true) one must come to know a posteriori, because it expresses an empirical fact unknowable by reason alone
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What counts as a moderate skew?
1.96 to 2.33
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What counts as a substantial skew?
2.34 to 2.56
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What counts as a severe skew?
2.56 >
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Bartlett's Test of Sphericity
Identity matrix: Variables are unrelated
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Kaiser Meyer Olkin Test
Proportion of variance might be caused by underlying factors
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How do you work out an observed score in questionnaires?
True Score + Error
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What is reliability related to?
Average correlation between items and test length
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the assumptions of linear regression?

Back

Deviations from the regression equation across the different levels of the independent variable must have normal distributions with the means of zero and homoscedasisity

Card 3

Front

What is homogeneity of regression coefficients

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When is a MANOVA conducted?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the assumptions?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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