Psychology 101 - Revision Glossary

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  • Created by: Red Queen
  • Created on: 25-02-17 02:26
Avoidance Conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus
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Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the environment
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Conditioned Response (CR)
the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
the originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response
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Continuous Reinforcement
a pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs
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Discriminative Conditioned Stimuli
stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made
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Encoding (Memory)
the process of acquiring information and entering it into memory
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Escape Conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus
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Extinction
the gradual disappearance of operant behaviour due to elimination of rewards for that behaviour
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Fixed-Interval (FI) Reinforcement
a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward
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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Reinforcement
a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses
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Habituation
the process of adapting to stimuli that do not change
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Higher-Order Conditioning
a phenomenon in which a conditioned stimulus acts as an unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it
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Insight
a sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem
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Latent Learning
learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs
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Law of Effect
a law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by satisfaction, that response is more likely the next time the stimulus is encountered
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Learned Helplessness
learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in a failure to try to exert control over the environment
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Learning
the modification through experience of pre-existing behaviour and understanding
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Negative Reinforcers
unpleasant stimuli, such as pain, that strengthen a response if they are removed following that response
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Observational Learning (Social Learning)
learning how to perform new behaviours by watching others
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Operant
a response that has some effect on the world
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Operant Conditioning
a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
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Partial Reinforcement
a pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs
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Partial Reinforcement Effect
a phenomenon in which behaviours learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviours learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule
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Positive Reinforcers
stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response
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Primary Reinforcers
reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water
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Reconditioning
the quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction
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Reinforcement
the process through which a particular response is made more likely to recur
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Reinforcement Schedules
in operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced
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Reinforcer
a stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again
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Secondary Reinforcer
a reward that people or animals learn to like
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Shaping
the process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response
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Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
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Stimulus Discrimination
a process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one
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Stimulus Generalisation
a phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
the automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning
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Variable-Interval (VI) Reinforcement
a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time
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Varibale-Ratio (VR) Reinforcement
a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses
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Vicarious Experience
conditions that allow us to learn by watching what happens to others
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a mental representation of the environment

Back

Cognitive Map

Card 3

Front

the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

the originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

a pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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