Key Words

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  • Created by: jddisu
  • Created on: 03-01-18 12:34
Introspection
the first systematic experiment attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
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Classical Conditioning
learning through association
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Operant Conditioning
learning is an active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment
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Positive Reinforcement
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed. For example, receiving praise from a teacher for answering a question correctly
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Negative Reinforcement
when an animal or human avoids something unpleasant. For example when a student hands in an essay in order to avoid telling off
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Punishment
an unpleasant consequence of behaviour. For example, being shouted at by a teacher for talking during a lesson
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Imitation
copying the behaviour of others
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Social Learning Theory
a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
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Identification
when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model
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Modelling
the process of imitating the behaviour of people with whom they identify, role models
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Attention
the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
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Retention
how well the behaviour is remembered
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Motor reproduction
the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
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Motivation
the will to perform the behaviour, which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
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Schema
a cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. For example, schemas for specific events providing an expectation of how to behave in different situations or in different roles
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Theoretical Models
simplified representations based on current research evidence such as the multi-store model of memory or the working memory model
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Computer models
the development of computers and computer programming led to a focus on the way in which sensory information is 'coded' as it passes through the system
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Cognitive neuroscience
the study of the living brain, giving detailed information about the brain structures involved in different kinds of mental processing. This is done through the use of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques
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The biological approach
a perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function
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Genes
they make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes the physical features of an organism (such as eye colour, height) and physiological features (such as mental disorder, intelligence). Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring
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Biological structure
an arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing
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Neurochemistry
relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
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Genotype
the particular set of genes that a person possesses
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Phenotype
the characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
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Evolution
the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
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The psychodynamic approach
a perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
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The unconscious
part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour
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Id
entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
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Ego
the 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
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Superego
the moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self: how we ought to be
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Defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego. These include denial and displacement
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Denial
an ego defence mechanism whereby anxiety is reduced simply by denying that there is a problem/refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
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Displacement
a form of ego defence where the individual unconsciously redirects the threatening emotion from the person or thing that has caused it onto a third party. For example kicking a dog after having a row with a boyfriend
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Repression
forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
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Self
how we perceive ourselves as a person
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Determinism
the belief that behaviour is determined by forces other than the individual's will to do something
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Nature and Nurture
Human Behaviour is either the product of a person's genes and biology (nature) or what they experience as a result of interacting with the environment (nurture)
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Science
a systematic approach to creating knowledge. The method used to gain knowledge is referred to as the scientific method
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

learning through association

Back

Classical Conditioning

Card 3

Front

learning is an active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed. For example, receiving praise from a teacher for answering a question correctly

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

when an animal or human avoids something unpleasant. For example when a student hands in an essay in order to avoid telling off

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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