An anterior vertebral body and a posterior vertebral arch
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do the upper or lower vertebrae have bigger vertebra bodies?
Lower - more weight bearing
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What separates adjacent vertebral bodies?
a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc
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what is the closed whole formed by the vertebral body and arches?
the vertebral foramen
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what do the foramina of all the vertebrae line up to make?
The vertebral canal
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what does the vertebral canal enclose?
the spinal cord
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What are the different bony prominences on the vertebral arches?
a spinous process, two transverse processes, pedicles, lamina, articular processes
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In the thoracic vertebrae, the transverse processes articulate with what?
the ribs
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where is the spinous process?
centred posteriorly at the point of the arch.
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What do the pedicles connect?
the vertebral body to the transverse processes.
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What does the lamina connect?
the transverse and spinous processes
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what does the articular process connect?
form joints between one vertebra and its superior and inferior counterparts
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where are the articular processes found?
intersection of the laminae and pedicle
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What are distinguishing features with cervical vertebrae?
bifid spinous process, transverse foramina and triangular vertebral foramen
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What are the names of C1 and C2?
Atlas and Axis
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spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are oriented...
obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly.
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2 of what are placed superiorly and inferiorly n either side of the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae and articulate with the heads of two different ribs
demi-facets
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How are lumbar vertebrae like cervical vertebrae?
They have triangular vertebral foramen and their spinous processes do not extend inferiorly.
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the size and orientation of lumbar vertebrae allow for what?
Needle access for example epidural anaesthesia administration and lumbar puncture.
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Where does the sacrum articulate with the pelvis?
sacroilliac joints on the lateral walls of the sacrum
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the coccyx has no what?
vertebral arches or canal
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Separation of S1 from the sacrum is termed
lumbarisation
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fusion of L5 to the sacrum is termed
sacralisation
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What is Kyphosis?
excessive thoracic curvature, causing a hunchback deformity
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What is Lordosis?
excessive lumbar curvature, causing a swayback deformity.
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What is scoliosis?
lateral curvature of the spine, usually of unknown cause.
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What is Cervical spondylosis?
decrease in the size of the intervertebral foramina, usually due to degeneration of the joints of the spine. The smaller size of the intervertebral foramina puts pressure on the exiting nerves, causing pain
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