W15 Nervous & Endocrine system

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  • Created by: LKia96
  • Created on: 11-05-21 10:34
Describe the nervous system and their components parts
CNS and PNS

CNS-> BRain + spinal chord

PNS-> Autonomic + Somatic
Autonomic-> Afferent(sensory) + Efferent(motor)
Efferent-> Sympathetic (fight/flight) + Parasympathetic (rest/digest)

Somatic -> Afferent + Effernet
Afferent-> Somatic + Visceral (both G
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Which 2 main cell types is the CNS made up of
Neurones (incl. relay) and Glial cells
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What is white matter
Does it have alternative names?
Where can it be found
Mainly axons
In spinal chord, "columns": on the "outside" surrounding the horns
In brain, "tracts": found underneath the cortex
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What is grey matter
Where can it be found
Mainly cell bodies
In spinal chord: forms internal column/the horns
In brain: forms the cortex (outer layer)
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Describe the route an impulse takes for a basic spinal reflex
Sensory afferent neurone -> relay neurone in spinal chord -> motor efferent neurone
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What are proprioceptors?
Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons that tell the CNS about stretch/tension
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Describe the process of the Muscle Spindle reflex and the Golgi Tendon reflex when you're holding a set of weights
Muscle spindle fires to the CNS, which sends a signal back via motor neurone so we increase the tension in our muscles to keep the weights.

If the weight is excessive, the Golgi Tendon reflex comes into action: Neurone from Golgi tendon organ (a proprio
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Autonomic and Somatic motor (efferent) nerves goes through which part of the spinal chord?
Ventral horn
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Somatic sensory (afferent) nerves goes through which part of the spinal chord?
Dorsal horn
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What are the 3 main veiscles of the brian and their constituent secondary vesicles?
Forebrain (cerebrum + thalamus+ hypothalamus) Midbrain,
Hindbrain (cerebellum + Pons + Medulla oblongata)
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What are ventricles (within the brain)?
How many are there?
Which purpose do they serve?
Sacs deep in the brain filled with Cerebral Spinal Fluid.
There are 4: Lateral ventricle, Third, Fourth, and the Midbrain aqueduct
Without this, the brian would be very heavy and
compress the neurons towards the ventral side of
the brain.
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What is CSF?
Where is it produced?
What is its significance?
Cerebral Spinal Fluid, is like plasma but with proteins
Continously produced in the Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle
It cushions, acts as chemical buffer, is involved in homeostasis
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Which parts is the cerebrum made of, and what roles do they have?
Cerebral cortex (grey matter): no info
Subcortical white matter (what lies beneath): no info
Basal nuclei: concerned with movement
Lateral ventricle: supplies cerebrum with CSF
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Which roles do the thalamus and hypothalamus have?
Thalamus: communicates with cerebral cortex, passes info to and from
Hypothalamus: is the homeostatic centre
controls pituitary gland
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How come we are more intelligent than any other animal even though we don't have the largest brains?
Our cerebral cortex has the highest amount of folding, and hence a high neurone density.
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What are the 4 main lobes of the cerebral cortex and their main functions?
Frontal - Motor functions
Temporal - Auditory functions
Pareital - General sensory (touch, pressure, etc)
Occipital - Visual cortex
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What two types of nerves is the PNS made up of? What are the subdivisions and where do they connect to?
Cranial and Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves come out of the lateral part of the brain = 12 pairs (connects to the head/face)

Spinal nerves = 31
Cervical (neck) , Thoracic (chest), Lumbar (abdominal), Sacral (pelvis + lower limbs), Coccygeal (bottom of pelv
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What are the 10 major endocrine glands? How are they regulated?
Pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries.
Hypothalamus regulates pituitary which in turn regulates all but adrenal and parathyroid (which are regulated by blood ion levels)
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Which 3 ways is the endocrine system arranged?
Give examples of each
As glands (thyroid)
As clusters (Islets of Langerhans)
As individual cells (GI tract, skin)
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Which parts does the pituitary gland consist of? What are they made of?
Anterior and posterior

Posterior: nerve tissue, i.e. axons and nerve terminals of hypothalamus

Anterior: the real gland, recieves "releasing hormones" from hypothalamus
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Which hormones does the posterior pituitary release, what are their functions?
Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): Controls blood fluid and mineral levels in the body by affecting water retention by the kidneys.
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Which are the main hormones that the anterior pituitary releases?
What are their functions?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.
Luteinising hormone (LH) and FSH
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen/ progesterone and testes to produce testosterone
Growth hormone (GH) - Stimulates growth and
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Which are the 4 classes of hormone? Give examples of hormones in each category
Amines - thyroxine
Eicosanoids, a.k.a postaglandins -
Peptides - insulin/glucagon
Steroids - testosterone/oestrogen/progesterone, cortisol
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Which hormones are involved in growth?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus stimluates release pf GH from ant. pituitary.
Also Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
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How does GH work?
Stimulates glycogenolysis by the liver AND lipolysis

Represses glucose storage and uptake by muscle and adipose tissue, we use it instead to grow
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What effects does GnRH have?
It stimulates release of GH

It increases secretion of (FSH) and (LH)
up to puberty

then ovarian follicles begin to mature (females)
testosterone secretion/spermatogenesis (males)
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List some tissue types that are:
- renewable from stem cells
- renewable but not from stem cells
- unrenewable cells
- skin epidermis, blood cells, intestinal epithelial cells
- beta cells (insluin producing)
- auditory + photoreceptive cells
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Describe some aging factors
-Reduction of growth hormones GH, FH, LSH
-Accumulation of genome mutations
-AND mitochondrial DNA mutations
-Senescense
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What is senescense?
Chromosome ends (telomere regions) gets shorter for every division and cannot replicate for eternity. Chromosomes are eventually labeled as damaged.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Which 2 main cell types is the CNS made up of

Back

Neurones (incl. relay) and Glial cells

Card 3

Front

What is white matter
Does it have alternative names?
Where can it be found

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is grey matter
Where can it be found

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe the route an impulse takes for a basic spinal reflex

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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