Interconnections with Neighbouring cultures

Contact between mainland Greece and where begun as early as 2000BC and increased steadily thereafter?

Crete

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How much influence did the Minoan's have over Greece?

Very large and overwhelming- Arthur Evans, the excavator of Knossos, was convinced that the mainland Greek palaces had been occupied by Cretan Kings,

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What did many archaeologists believe the Cretan Kings had done?

Thye had used their mighty sea power to conquer Greece

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However, Evans was wrong and what was actually the case?

The Mycenaeans did the conquering

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What was the advantage for the Mycenaeans when invading Crete?

They had intimate knowledge of the island and its defences

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What did the Mycenaean's do in Crete?

Their aim was not to destroy Crete- They destroy Cretan forces, sacked some palaces and towns, killed the leaders and the mainlanders took over Knossos and other centers and ruled in place of the old rulers

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When Is the Mycenaean takeover dated to?

1450 to 1500

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How did the mainland Kings rule Crete?

The New Kings ruled and lived in th manner of Cretna Kings, athough they did keep to certain mainland ways, such as burial rites,

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What happened to Mycenaean trade and exports and an example?

Mycenaean exports rose, and on several Cycladic Islands Mycenaean culture influences appear more prominent,

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However, why was their success short lived?

In around 1345, Knossos was burned and looted,

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Overall what happened to the Mycenaean Crete influence?

It sank in importance while Mycenae and the other mainland centres were prosperous,

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Where else was Minoan culture intertwined with the Mycenenaeans?

In art and architecture e.g. the Shape of the Palace and the beautiful wall paintings,

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In around 1300, where were Mycenaean Kingdoms actively trading?

All across the Mediterranean, from Sardinia, souther Italy and Sicily in the west to Tory down to Egypt in the East, as well as Macedonia in the North,

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However, in the Mediterranean who was the largest power>

THe Hittite Empire, which covered Anatolia and Syria, and the New Kingdom of Egypt

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FOr the collapse of the Mycenaeas, who are the two possible people who would invade them?

-Invasion by the Dorians from the North, -Invasion by the sea peoples

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Therefore, what happens to their trade with other cultures and an example?

Trade diminishes- Up until the 1200s the Greeks were trading to Egyptians with items such as pottery, but this diminishes in quantity and quality

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In the Dark Ages, from 1200-800 where does Mycenaean settlements increase their influence to and why?

TO the Cyclades Islands and Crete, for their mineral wealth and also to trade again,

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How did the amount of overseas trade change in the Dark Ages?

Long-distance sea borne trade. both among the Greeks and between Greeks and foreigners have been increasingly slow in the 10th and 9th century, but it expanded considerably in the 8th

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To show this dominance of other cultures in Crete due to the Mycenaeans, what was found and made there and describe it patterns?

THe Ideaean shield from Crete- It was a bronze shield with less geometric patterns and instead Gods such as Zeus which is very Persian and Eastern lookingm

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Who did the Mycenaeans still trade with, but how was it in comparison to the Mycenaeans?

They still traded with near neighbours like Egypt, Syria and Phoenicia, -But trade was much more limited

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What is the first serious overseas trading colony for which Greeks? When?

Al-Mina in Northern Syria in 825BC, -Euboean Greeks settled here,

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Shortly after, where was the next overseas trading colony founded and when?

-800, -Pithecusae in Southern Italy,

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Therefore what was the Greks standing in trading relations by the early 7th century?

Greeks had once again become important participants in the Aegean and in the wider Mediterranean trade, and were competing with Phoenicians, who had long been the leading sea merchants in the mediterranea,

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As it had been in the Late Bronze Ages, what need drove many for long distance trade?

Raw materials, especially metal,

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While imports of copper, tin, iron and gold increased, what did the Greek export in return?

Larger quantities of fine pottery and metalwork, fine woolen goods, cattle hides and leather,

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later in the 7th century, what trade from Greece would increase?

Production of olive oil and wine for overseas markets,

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Later what would Greece also export which is what they were famous for?

Exports of building stone and marble, which Greece was famous for, and silver, which was abundant in regions such as Attica,

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For the Archaic period, what process occured in Greece and what does this mean?

Orientalising- Taking a greater interest and influence form the East,

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For examples of this, where did Greece begin to trade greatly with?

Phoenicia,

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What did they copy in terms of art?

They copied their pottery styles, decoration styles as well as copying theur statues and art work,

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What else did the Greeks copy?

The Alphabet and mythology

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What was brought in from the East into Greece?

Iron smelting,

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In 770BC, why did the Greeks begin to sail out into the Mediterranean? (3)

-For trade and commerce, -To set up new cities for a growing population, -Spreading Greek culture,

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What was the first place the Greeks moved to and what did they call it?

Italy- They called it Magna Graecia, which means outer Greece

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What was their first in Italy for but what did they later do?

It was first for trade but later they spread their culture further afield into Southern Italy,

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Where did the Greeks colonise and then eventually settle by 550BC? What was their aim?

The Black Sea, -Part was to spread the Greek culture futher again and also for trade,

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How did the Greeks run these new cities?

They politically set they up how they were in Greece, with the same arrangement of the agora, such as the gymnasium, temples etc.

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Were the Greeks ever in danger of invasion or outside pressures?

Mainland Greeks didnt have outside pressures from EMpires but Greek states on the Turkish coasts were often taken over,

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Who often took over the Greek states on the Turkish coast?

The Lydian Empire from Persia,

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How were the Greeks treated in these cities under PErsian rule?

They had to pay tribute and pay money to them, as well as be passive,

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What did this lead to between the Greeks and the Persians?

It led to various Greek revolts and eventually war,

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What did the emergence of the polis system in Greek coincide with in the 8th century

The beginning of an extraordinary emigration of Greeks from the Aegean homeland,

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When this emigration ended in 500BC, where did the Greek world extend to?

It extended from eastern Spain in thr West to Colchis in the East

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What were the primary causes for his expansion?

The search for sources of metal to satisfy Greek's growing need and hope of acquiring the land required to live the life of a citizen in the new poleis,

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Who colonised in France and where and when?

The west Anatolian city of Phocaea, -They founded Massilia in 600BC,

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Everywhere in the small colonial expeditions, what did the Greeks encounter?

'barbarians'

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Who are the 'Barbarians'?

They are indigenous people, born citizens before the Greeks settled,

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What are five ways in which the Greeks viewed barbarians?

-Foreign, -Apolitical, -Non-militarily, -Feminine, -Dishonourable,

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For foreign, who did the Greek class as Barbarians?

Anyone who didn't speak Greeks which includes the Persians, babylonians, Egyptians, Hittites, Macedonians, Carthaginians, Romans,

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How did they view those with a longer civilised culture?

They still believed Greece was more civilised and they could do it better, despite borrowing other cuture alphabets and smelting techniques,

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Why did the Greks call them barbarians?

As it is an onomatopoeia - 'Bah Bah Bah' shows how the Greeks heard other foreign languages, such as incoherent babbling,

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Therefore what two words describe the Greeks?

Xenophobian, Racism

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For apolitical, how do the Greeks view them lacking in in terms of freedoms politically?

They are lacking in freedom of speech and votes- If you dont have the freedom to vote you can't be classed as a man or citizen,

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What other two things did the Greeks believe the indigenous people were lacking in?

-Cultural individuality, -The ability to have a say in the rule of their own polis,

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For non-military and political, what made them believe they were non-military?

AS not evey man was a soldier and specially trained in an army,

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Why did the Greeks view them as feminine?

AS a lack of army and warriors means they are pathetic, soft and luxurious,

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For example, what country was seen as soft due to a lack of a specially trained army and what else?

Egyptians, -THey also weren't expanding as they were satisfied with where they were,

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In addition, in art how were the persians presented?

They identified in art with a leopard print top and a frilly hat, and presented as passive,

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For dishonourable, what four things did the Greeks believe they had a lack of respect for?

-The Gods, -The Dead, -Customs and traditions, -Honour

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Whose Gods did the Greeks see as barbarious and why?

The Egyptian Gods which had animal heads and parts, -The Greeks saw their Gods as living in human form,

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In the early classical period and classical period, why is there little on trade and interconnections between neighbouring states?

Due to the large numbers of wars and tensions that occured in the period within Greece as well as between Greece and the Persians e.g. the Peloponnesian War,

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For the classical period, trade rivalries in the 5th century, such as between who, accounted for tensions among who?

Such as between Athens and Corinth,- Greek poleis,

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How was most trade transported and why?

By boat as land trafficwas slow and expensive and difficult over the rocky roads,

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Why did the Greek vessels avoid the open seas where possible?

As they lacked sophisticated navigational instruments, preferring to hug the shore,

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When did MAriners prefer to limit long voyages to?

Spring and summer,

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The widespread use of what based on currency facilitated trade?

Coinage

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Give an example with Athens spreading its culture with coinage?

Athens pressured its allies to adopt its own currency

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What was Athenian commerce largely driven by the need for?

The need for grain to feed a large and growing population,

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Where did Grain come from?

It came from the North and South- Once crucial source was the Black Sea region,

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What else did the Black Sea region provide?

Hides, cattle, fish, hemp, wax, chestnuts, iron and saves,

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What did the Athenians trade for this?

Wine and oil, sometimes in decorated pottery,

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What could happen to the exports themselves and an example?

They were often resold elsewhere- The Phoenicians often sent Attic vases to Egypt, and a good deal of second hand pottery from Athens wasfound in Italy,

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What did the Italians buy a great deal of?

Attic pottery firsthand,

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Through this second hand trading, what did the Greeks gain from where by the 5th century?

They had gained silks from China via Scythian itnermediaries,

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What did Persia export?

Perfumes and Persian carpets

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What did Egypt export?

Papyrus, ivory, glasswork, slaves and exotic animals,

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What did Cyprus export?

Copper

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What did Spain export?

Tin

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For the Hellenistic period, after Alexander the GReat's death who was Regent of the Empire and what did he do to the Empire?

Perdiccas, -He carves up the Empire between all his friends,

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Who becomes King of Egypt?

Ptolemy

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What becomes King of Macedonia?

Antipater and Craterus

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What becomes King of Babylonia?

Seleucus

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How were Greek states described in terms of the many cultures there?

a "melting pot" as there were many different cultures living in cities such as Alexandria e.g. MAcedonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Jews

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Interconnections with Neighbouring cultures

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