Ancient Rome- Social

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 25-04-17 23:07
For social changes, who was the creator of the calander?
King Numa Pompilius
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What did he add to the calander and what was each based on? Where did they fit in the pre Numa calendar?
February (februarius-Fever) (12) and January (Januarius-Janus) (11)
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For the pre-Numa calander, what was the beginning, which remains unchanged, and what was the end before it was changed?
-Martius-Mars (1) -Decembris (10)
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What later change was made by Julius?
Quintilis (5) was changed to Julius
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What later change was made by Augustus?
Sextilis (6) was changed to Augustus
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For peculiarities, who changed Aprilis to Neronis?
Nero
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Who changed Septembris to Germanicus?
Father of Caligula
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Who changed Septembris to Domitianis?
Domitian
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In Early Republic and the stratification of Roman society, who were senators?
Patricians vs Plebians
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Who are patricians?
They were those from the family who chose to be their advisers
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Who were the plebeians?
They fought back, often wealty but they also wanted power- created concept of the struggle of the orders
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What was the next level of Roman society?
Equestrians/Knights
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What is the next level?
Free men
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What is the next level?
Ex-slaves/ Freedmen
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Who are at the bottom of the hierarchy?
Slaves and non-citiznes
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What nationality were at the bottom of the slave hierarchy?
Those further afield e.g. Egyptians, Syrians
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How is hierarchal society deeply imbedded in our historical sources?
When someone enters a text, they are always identified by their rankand status,
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What did the patron and client system create a link between?
Between higher and lower classes,
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What was a patron?
Romans of a high status, but don't have to be wealthy
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What did they offer for the client?
-Protection for the client, -Settled disputes with neighbours, -Gifts and presents, Sportula= dole money,
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What was their relationship like with the court?
Could not appear in court against each other
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What is a client?
A person of inferior status although doesn;t mean they are less wealthy
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What do clients offer in return for gifts?
services and observances such as political support in elections, and assist them in military campaigns
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What would clients do with their patrons?
Accompanying them about town- Bizarre image of wealthy senators being followed by large crowds who often fought with other crowds who followed other senators when they met
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What was the name of the people?
THe Populus, the populace of Rome
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What three groups were excluded from being a citizen?
-Women, -Slaves, -Foreigners and allies
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Who was excluded from being a citizen?
Women not capable of governing their on affairs
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How di Gellius describe women being weak?
'They are the weaker sex and light of mind'
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How many slaves were estimated to be in Italy in 2nd BC?
Estimated about 2 million slaves out of 6 million people
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Who in particular fought for full citizenship rights in what wars?
Latin and Italian allies, -Social Wars of 91BC-89BC
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Who were the majority of citizens?
Males of rome born from parents who were born in rome,
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Were slaves allowed to vote?
They were never allowed to throughout ROman history
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For the Republic constitution, what powers did the Populus have in politics?
Vote on magistrates, to execute citizen, -vote for war or peace, -Vote on the laws,
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When was the 2nd Punic War against who?
218-201 against Hannibal
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What did booty include during this war?
Slaves- Either those already such or prisoners of war
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When was the 3rd Macedonian War?
173-168BC
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During this war, how many prisoners were taken to Rome?
1000 prisoners of war taken to Rome (including Polybius, the historian)
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How many people people were enslaved?
150,000
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How many cities were destroyed?
70
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For the consequences of Empire, how many were enslaved by Rome in first half od 2nd century BC?
1/4 of a million people
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What did the slaves lead to the development of?
Large slave estates, latifundial which involves farming as well as mining
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What did dispossessed peasants lead to?
These slaves led to mass unemployment as slaves could now do the work
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What was there a migration to which led to what?
Cities leaing to overcrowding, sanitation and riots
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What becomes popular in Rome?
Greece
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What in particular from Greece was taken up?
Sexual activities- Before the 2nd century, no signs the Romans were bisexual but after signs begin to show and the army system of older men sleeping with boys in the Barracks is also picked up
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Who was the Greek King in 133 who bequeathed his country to ROme when he died?
Attalus II
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Who was elected as tribune at this time?
Tiberius Gracchus
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Who did he represent and how did he represent them?
He represented the poorer people of society, -He had the power to veto and block rulings if he didn't think it benefited the people
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What were his views about other tribunes and how well they were doing?
He believed tribunes weren't doing theur job properly for the people and were instead serving more in the interests of the state
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What were the conditions for poor people at the time and why?
There were riots, overcrowding, poverty, disease- Perhaps due to the mass influx of slaves into the cities and so the poor were displaced from theri work by the slaves,
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How did Tiberius sort this problem out?
Land Bill reform- This took land from the rich where slaves were used and then it would be shared equally among the poorer families
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WHy didn't the senate want this bill based?
THey were the ones who owned land in Italy
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How did he implement this bill?
He by=passed the senate to pass laws dealing with agricultural reforms,
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was taking bills to the people legal?
No it was illegal
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What was the effect of this for Gracchus?
It led him to become a popular figure head, and becam the most powerful individual politican since dictators,
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How did the Senate deal with him?
They didn't know how to so they beat him to death
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Who was his brother?
Gaius Gracchus
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When did he join land commission?
130BC
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What did land commission do?
They redistributed land belonging to allies rather than Romans
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When was he elected as tribune and then re-elected?
123BC, 122BC
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What did his new complex plan of reform aim to do?
Get the poor in the city as well as the allies outside
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What did his reforms involve based on the execution of citizens?
Only the ROman people could recommend execution of citizens (not the Senate)- This already existed in Roman history anyway, but trying to clarify this
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How did he extend the land redistribution programme?
He wanted to expand all over Italy
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WHy did he want to establish colonies in Italy and overseas based on work for poor people?
Instead of saying to poor people we will give you a parcel of land outside of Italy, this will move poor people into new cities with new jobs to build that city
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What does this kick start the idea of based on spreading Rome?
He kick starts the idea of moving Romans outside Rome into new countries to make these countries more Roman- Romanisation
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What did he also implement based on grain?
Monthly grain ration for the poor
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Whose job was this before the states?
The patron-client system
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What did he also propose to extend to Latin allies and latin status to Italian armies?
Full citizenship
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Therefore, what did these extensive laws aim to do and were the people happy?
They attempted to improve the status of many groups but not senators-it made him very popular
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What happened to him?
He was murdered which led to a riot
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What happened to rioters?
3000 followers were jailed and then executed via strangulation or wrists and ankles cut- This occrs without trial
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When was the Social War and who was consul then?
Gaius Marius, 91-89BC
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What was it caused by?
An explosion of tension between ROmans and Italians erupted in Italy in the form of riots
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Why did the allies feel they were undermined?
They had to supply money and soldiers for army but got no rewards when the booty came in
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What happened to the riot?
Italy erupted in riots bu the Romans under Marius successfully put it down although an answer was still needed for the issues
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How did the ROmans deal withthis issue?
Citizenship was granted to those allies of Italy and so entitled to booty from wars, public land and to vote and become part of the senate
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WHen is Sulla named dictator?
82
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What did he introduce based on assassinations?
Proscriptions- Legal assassinations- Peopl could capture them and bring them in or murder them in the streets.
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If someone captured them, what did the person gain?
1/4 of their wealth and property to beneficial to the state
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What did this lead to?
It led to peope being hunted down. It also led people appealing to Sulla to be added based on people not liking them, being envious of their land and wanting their land,
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How many were murdered this way?
4,700
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How many saves were liberated?
10,000
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What did he do to people's lands?
He uprooted people from their lands and settled hs own ex-soldiers in them
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How many slaves were solve with Julius Caesar's conquering fo Gaul?
53,000
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For social under Augustus, what did he introduced in 18-17BC?
Marriage legislation
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What did this legislation pass?
Severe penalties on adultery, agents and accessories as well as the guilty partie themselves
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What was encouraged under his reign?
Marriage and procreation of children to restock the human wealth of Italy
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How were women generally seen?
AS assigned to men
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What were their rights in laws like?
More extensive than expected- Institution of adult women became a formality
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What kind of power did women of senatorial status have?
They could in practice manage their own business and finacial affairs, and with the most universal acceptance form of marriage she could retain her legal identity, meaning she could inherit and dipose of property,
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What percent of Italy by the time of Augustus were slaves which is how many?
40%, 3,000,000 slaves
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For the Julian-Claudians While Tiberius is in power, who does he put in charge as he retires?
Sejarus
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However, who replaced Sejarus after he was killed?
Macro and acted as Paretorian Prefect
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What did he introduced for treason that repalces proscriptions?
Majestas- trials for treason
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What people did this create and what did they do?
Delatores- informants who were willing to accuse members of theri family and friends to get money from the state,
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How much money did he leave after his death?
3 billion sertesies
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Who ws the next Emperor after Tiberius?
Caligula 37-41
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How did the people view him?
He was much loved as he was the grandson of Augustus so part of a miliary line,
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What did the public do to show their rejoicing?
160,000 animals were sacrificed in 3 months,
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What did Caligula put on for the peopl?
Games
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What did he do with taxes?
They were rescinded
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What did he declare about majestras trials?
They were a thing of the past and recalled al those banished
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What did he call about sex offenders?
He called for them all to be banished from Rome and live on Capri
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However, after about a year what did he do to people?
he began executing people without trial e.g. Macro
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Who in particular did he murder and why?
senators, with the aim of refilling his imperial treasury
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Who was the next Emperor after Calgiula?
Claudius
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Who did he put into authority?
Those he trusted, often freedmen or ex slaves in imperial administration which used to be ru by senators,
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What did he introduced in 52AD on the suggestion of his freedman pallas and what was it?
Senatuconsultum- Free wimen who entered into permanent relationshps with slaves were themselves reduced to that status if the master was unaware of the relationship, or to that of freedwoman if he was aware and consented,
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Who arguably was he also ruled by?
His wife- Many believed he would give hsi wife anything so not a proper man
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Who was the next and youngest emperor to date?
Nero at the age of 16
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However, what was his problem again like Cladius andhis mother?
ROmans weren't keen a woman wielding power- Agrippina influences him,
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When was the Great Fire under Nero?
64AD
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Why was the fire so uncontrollable and how long did it last for?
-narro streets and wooden houses, -Burnt for 6 days
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How many districts were destoryed and how many damaged?
Destroys 4/14 istricts and damaged another 7
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Did Nero help the people?
Evidence suggests he did all he could to save lives such as open hsi gardens for the people
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Although how do some sources say the fire started?
Some say it was Nero to build his palace but others say an accident
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Who did Nero blame?
Christians
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What did Nero allow for slaves?
To complain about mistreatment from masters in court
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For the antonines, what is the latin name for slave?
Servus
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What kind of duties could they perform?
Manual labour such as farms, mines, mills, domestic duties, educational duties, entertainment
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What was Famulus?
A household slave-
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Did they have rights?
No they were the property of owners who had cotnrol over their death,
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How could they only give testimony in court?
They were tortured
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Why did they have to be tortured?
it was believed slaves were natural liars at all times so needed to be tortued to tell the truth
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They wre useful for manual labout. What may they be employed in such as what?
Highly skilled employment such as doctors, accountants, teachers etc.
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Where else could slaves join based on fighting?
They could become gladiators
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Were all gladiators slaves?
Around half were and the other half others volunteered for money and fame
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If they wre successful what woudl happen?
They would gain their freedom,
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How could slaves in ordinary work try to become free?
If they save up enouygh moeny, they coud try and buy their freedom so the owner could buy a new slave
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Does the slave gain rights after gaining freedom?
yes they become Freedmen, and becme citizens, given voting rights, politically involves,
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How many slaves would a large villa in the coutnrysie have?
Hundreds of slaves
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What was their life like?
Living conditions considered to be good, some say even better than the urban free poor of Rome,
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How does this comapre to slaves working in mines and mills?
It was a brutal life and they didn't live long,
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What is the diference between Athenian slaves and Roman slaves based on killing?
Athenians slaves had the right not to be killed whereas Roman slaves didn't have this right
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What does the latin word liberti describe?
Freedmen/ ex slaves
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What is manumission?
Freeing of slaves
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What did they automatically become based on patron/client system?
They automatically become a client to their master
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What is part of this agreement?
An ex-slave has to work for their former master patron for 2 weeks a year for free,
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Were they expected to do things other clients were meant to do?
Yes such as support them in elections, follow them around town etc.
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Could they hold public office?
No
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Could they become priests?
No
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When did these two things become allowed?
From the Emperor Claudius they begin to hold psoitions of authority
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How who bans this just for his reign before it returns?
Emperor Hadrian
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What status would their children have?
They were free bron and so had full citizen rights
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What did some skilled slaves have the opportunity to do?
Earn money and eventually freedom
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How did some masters eventually free their slaves?
In their wills
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How were slaves captured?
In foreign conquests such as Greece, Spain, Carthage, North Africa
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How else were slaves gained based on kidnapping?
Piracy-They kidnapped people on shores or towns near the sea
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Where were these slaves sold and an example of the most famous lsave market in 1st and 2nd AD?
Slave markets such as Delos
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Describe how slaves were desgiend to be like any other property?
They were presented naked on revolving displays pushed by another slave. They would have a plague around their neck which would contain information about their origins, health etc.
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What varied the price?
Their porigins, health and skills, education
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How much could be paid for highly educated slaves?
1000s
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What happened if the masters no longer wanted the slaves?
There was amoney back guarantee within 6 months- if slave had some form of defect not shown, they could be swapped
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What is the name of those bor into slavery?
Verma
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If a male has sex with a female slave, what is the baby?
Still also a slave
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What was the name of the festival which was a role reversal ceremony and when was it?
Saturnalia, 22nd-26th Decemmber
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When did this begin and what were slaves entitle to?
-Imeprial period, -Entitled to rich banquet, could drink, gamble, weat cap of freedom, told by sources that master and slave dine on same tables and couches, slaves can disrespect masters with set jokes
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When was Antonius Pius Emperor?
138-161
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What did he do to the slaves?
He killed many without reasson
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Who succeeded him?
Both Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
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How did Lucius die?
The Antonine Plague
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How did this plague spread?
Lucius came back from Germany to ROme and spread the plague across the empire
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What is this plague believe to be now?
Smallpox
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How many deaths were there in the 170s across three months?
2,000 deaths a day
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How much of the empire was infected?
1/4
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Did marcus survive?
No he died too
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Who was Emperor next?
Commodus
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Who did he leave in charge of runnung the EMpire when conquering Germans?
His favourites which were often his slaves or his friends,
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What was one of the major reasons people loved hum?
He put on gladitorial combat
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What did he do on his succession?
180 days of gladiatorial games
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However, how did he get the money?
by acusing people of treason and gets money off people that way,
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For the Third Century Crisis, what was known as leisure time?
Otium
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What was known as work time?
Negotium
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What does it mean if everyone has plenty of leisure tine?
it is an indication of how good the emperors are,
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What was classed as acceptable during leisure time?
Reading, writing, dining whie dicussing matters of politics, economics etc. hunting
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What was classed as unacceptable?
Drinking, whoring, board games, chariot races (circus) and mass entertainement like gladiatorial shows
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However, who pay for these shows?
The upper glass as they realise an income is gained so they set it up for the lower classes,
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Give some examples of the names of Roman pubs?
**** and Bull, Elephant, Sword and Shield
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What was drank in pubs?
Wine drinking not beer- Beer seen as barbaric and savage,
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How was wine drank and why?
Liek the Greeks, they watered it down wirh 3 parts water, 1 part wine as it was believed if drank pure it would lead to madness
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What was a popular past time in pubs which was seen as a lower class game?
-Gambling on boardgames where people would bet on who would win
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What did many cities have which were state sanctioned and ofen allowed in bars?
Brothels for prostitution
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What kind of public entertainment was there? (3)
-Theatres, -Circuses, -Amphitheatres
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What did theatres show?
Drama tragedies and comedies
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Give two forms of roman comedy?
Mime and pantomime
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What was mime?
Slapstick sit com style performance
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What was pantomime?
dance performances, ballet- Actors silent excpet the music,
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What did they often act out?
Mythcal scenes of music,
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Who are these things usally aimed at and why?
Lower class- THye were seen as degrading and common things to attend,
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Whch Emperor hung out with actors and dancers which was seen as terrible?
Nero
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What were actors and dancers often equated with?
Prostitution
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What did circuses show?
Chariot races, atheletics
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Give some examples of athletic contests?
Olypmic games and secular games- Discus, javelin, foot races, hurdles, boxing,
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For chariot racing in the Greek world, how many horses was rhe maximum in one race?
Up to 48 horses, usualy in one line
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How did the Romans do chariot racing?
Circus maximus- Multiple laps aroudn two turning posts, oval shaped course, and restricted to 12 horses,
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How were the riders seperated?
4 members each of 4 teams : Reds, Whites, Blues, Greens,
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How was sport viewed in Rome?
It was well loved and racers would become very wealthy indeed
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How many races di Gaius Diocles win and how much did he earn?
-1463 races won, 35 million sesrerces in winnings
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What did amphitheatres who?
Gladiator events, Munera
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What was an amphitheatre?
'Two sides of a theatre' e.g. colosseum
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What was Munera originally part of but when was its first display?
-Originally part of funeral wedding games in honour of deceased ancestors, -First display in 264BC
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When did it become an annual event?
After 31BC
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Was the amphitheatre popular?
Yesi It spread across the Empure, from North Africa to the Mediterranean and even into England in Chester- Very popular for people to do
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What was venationes?
Beast fights: either man against beast or beast against beast
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Give some examples of fghts from sources?
E.g. Leopards, panthers, tigers, lions vs men, -Lion vs tiger, bull vs rhinocerous, leopard vs Giraffe
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What was Noxii?
Public executions in a theatrical manner- Has to be an element of performace
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Give ab example of a Noxii?
One criminal is tied to a stake and a bear rips his guts out for entertainment, -A female criminal sat inside a box which looks like a cow and the bull killers her
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Were gladiatorial contests to the death?
No as many were well trane,d and well paid individuals or slaves
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Would criminals be trained?
No but would be sent out to fight trained gladiators,
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How were gladiators viewed by the peopke?
Thye were like celebrities- People woudl go and watch their skill and grace in fighting,
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What woud happen if a gladiator died?
The person who owned the gladiator who killed the gladiator would often have to pay a fine,
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How were seats organised?
Separate seating depending on class
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However, why could these be seen as too emotionall charged?
As losing self control is seen as a bad thing in Greek world and getting too caught up in the heat of the moment leads to poor decisions
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Which Emperor brings theROman Empire back together?
Emperor Aurelian
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While the Empire was reuited in 274, what was the problem with many cities and towns?
Tey have been destroyed and ruined, and so the economic system couldnt be rebuilt
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Why was there an economic devaluation?
Caused by runaway pay rises in military
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What happen to the value of coins?
They were devalued causing hyper-inflaion
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What was the solution to this?
Remove silve rfrim coins although this made them less valued,
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What happened to trade netowrks?
Ruined- People had relied on vast numbers of roads, mediterraean ports and manufactured goods with safety but this breaks down
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What makes places unsafe?
Civil unrest
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What does the economic crisis do to salve prices which stops people doing what, and stops farmers doing what?
-Slaes prices pointless, so stops people movng from outside their own areas and so farmers stop exporting food
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What kind of farming begins instead like medieval times?
foo for subsistence,
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What did he add to the calander and what was each based on? Where did they fit in the pre Numa calendar?

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Card 3

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For the pre-Numa calander, what was the beginning, which remains unchanged, and what was the end before it was changed?

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What later change was made by Julius?

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What later change was made by Augustus?

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