Immune Response, Vaccinations and Diagnosing Diseases

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What are some examples of foreign cells?
Pathogens, abnormal cells, transplanted cells or toxins
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How does immune system recognise foreign cells?
Specific shaped (glyco)proteins on cell surface called antigens are specific and once they bind to the specific complementary receptor activates immune cell
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When does the non-specific immune response occur?
When any type of pathogen is detected
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Is non-specific immune response immediate?
Yes
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What are the white blood cells called that carries out non-specific immune response?
Phagocytes
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What are the two types of phagocytes?
Kidney bean nucleus and lobed nucleus
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Pathogen is ingested by the phagocyte, then what?
Digestive enzymes called lysosymes from lysosomes hydrolyse the pathogens and break them down
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What else are killed during phagocytosis and how?
Some phagocytes tend to digest themselves as well
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What can some phagocytes become after phagocytosis?
Antigen presenting cells
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What do these antigen presenting cells do?
Activate the lymphocytes by presenting the antigen the pathogen had to a T helper cell
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iIs the specific immune response faster or slower than non-specific and what type of white blood cells do this involve?
Slower and lymphocytes
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What can the specific immune response provide?
Long lasting immunity
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What makes a lymphocyte specific to a specific antigen?
Specific shaped binding site and specific shape of antigen on pathogen
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Can more lymphocytes be complementary to the same antigen?
Yes, more than one lymphocyte can be complementary to different parts of the pathogen's antigens
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Can the same lymphocyte be complementary to more than one antigen?
It can be partially complementary to more than one antigen
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What type of lymphocyte is involved with the CELLULAR response?
T cells
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What does the Specific T helper cell do once the antigen presenting cell has presented the specifc complementary antigen?
Divides into two types of clones - more T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells
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What do the extra T helper cells do?
Activates B cells and phagocytes
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What do the cytotoxic T cells do?
Detect infected cells and inject destructive enzymes into them to undergo lysis and die
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Does the humoral response happen at the same time as the cellular response?
Yes
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How is the right B cell selected?
It is complementary to the antigen of the pathogen
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What happens once the correct B cells is selected?
It divides via mitosis to form two different clones of itself
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What does the plasma cell clone do?
Make and secrete identical antibodies to the ones present on the cell surface, and secretes them into the blood stream
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What type of antibodies are those secreted by plasma cells?
Monoclonal antibodies
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What are monoclonal antibodies and some ethical issues surrounding them?
All identical antibodies and all came from a clone of plasma cell - use animals to make them
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What is the other type of clone the B cell divides into?
Memory cell
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What does the memory cell do?
Don't do anything until the pathogen enters your body again, it provides immunity
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How do antibodies remove pathogens?
1. Travel in blood, 2. Encounter pathogen/antigen 3. Bind to 2 antibodies each which causes agglutination 4. Phagocytosis occurs and removes pathogens
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What organelles are present in a plasma cell and why?
Ribosomes (protein synthesis for antibodies), Mitochondria (Produce ATP), Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (process proteins), Golgi body (modify quaternary proteins)
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What level protein is an antibody?
Tertiary
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How many heavy and light chains are in an antibody?
2 Heavy, 2 light
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What holds the light and heavy chains together?
covalent bonds (disulphide bridges)
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Where is the antigen binding site?
In between the heavy and light chains
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Why does the antigen binding site need to be a specific shape?
The antigen binding site needs to be complementary to the shape of the specific complementary antigen so then they can bind together
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What holds the two heavy chains together?
Disulphide bridges
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Where is the variable region on antibody?
At the binding site end of the heavy and light chains
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Where is the hinge region on an antibody?
In between the heavy chains
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Why is it important that an antibody has a hinge region?
So that it's antigen binding sites can come closer together/further apart if needed in order to bond to two antigens on two pathogens
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What is step 1 in diagnosing a disease using antibodies?
Stick monoclonal antibodies to the base of a clan dish/cup specific to a disease
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What is step 2 in diagnosing disease?
Add patient's urine to cup, if the cup has the right monoclonal antibodies present, the antigens will bind to them
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What is step 3 in diagnosing disease?
Wash cup to remove un-bound antibodies
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What is step 4 in diagnosing disease?
Add the 2nd round of antibodies WHICH HAVE ENZYMES ALSO ATTACHED TO THEM
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What is step 5 of diagnosing disease?
Wash again to remove unbound 2nd antibodies
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What is step 6 in diagnosing disease?
Add substrate for enzyme attached to antibody, it should give colour change.
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What could cause you to get false positives with this method?
Not washing the cup properly in between substances
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Why is it that the 2nd time a pathogen is present in an organism, it is dealt with much quicker?
Already got b memory cells which can produce the specific complementary antibodies straight away
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What are the two types of immunity?
Active and Passive
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Describe Active immunity and the artificial and natural ways to get it
Permanent, natural when body is infected by pathogen and body develops antibodies, artificial is when injected with weakened pathogens and body creates antibodies that way
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Describe Passive immunity and the and the artificial and natural ways to get it
Temporary immunity, artificial when someone is injected with antibodies of disease they have currently got so they can fight it, then antibodies break down, natural when mother gives fetus antibodies so they can become immune to things mother is
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Why does antigenic shift complicate vaccines?
This is when antigens on pathogen are constantly changing so vaccine becomes outdated as antibodies can't bind to antigens anymore as they aren't complementary
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What are some other problems with vaccines?
Some people can get sick from vaccines still, and some pathogens evade being detected by immune system by hiding in cells, making the vaccine un affective
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Card 2

Front

How does immune system recognise foreign cells?

Back

Specific shaped (glyco)proteins on cell surface called antigens are specific and once they bind to the specific complementary receptor activates immune cell

Card 3

Front

When does the non-specific immune response occur?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Is non-specific immune response immediate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the white blood cells called that carries out non-specific immune response?

Back

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